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SEM 2 Brain & Behaviour > Sleep > Flashcards

Sleep Flashcards

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The Brain flashcards
1
Q

What is sleep?

A

Sleep is a behaviour vital for normal functioning, health, well-being, and memory

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2
Q

A behaviour vital for normal functioning, health, well-being, and memory

This is known as…?

A

Sleep

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3
Q

Is sleep regulated or not regulated?

A

Regulated

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4
Q

Sleep is regulated. What does this mean?

A

If deprived of sleep, we will make up at least part of the sleep when permitted to do so

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5
Q

Where is sleep research conducted?

A

Sleep lab

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6
Q

In a sleep lab, what are the 3 things researchers monitor?

A

1) Electroencephalogram (EEG) – brain activity
2) Electromyogram (EMG) – muscle activity
3) Electro-oculogram (EOG) – eye movements

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7
Q

What is Electroencephalogram (EEG)?

A

Brain activity

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8
Q

What is Electromyogram (EMG)?

A

Muscle activity

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9
Q

What is Electro-oculogram (EOG)?

A

Eye movement

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10
Q

Brain activity is also known as…?

a. Electroencephalogram (EEG)
b. Electromyogram (EMG)
c. Electro-oculogram (EOG)

A

a. Electroencephalogram (EEG)

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11
Q

Muscle activity is also known as…?

a. Electroencephalogram (EEG)
b. Electromyogram (EMG)
c. Electro-oculogram (EOG)

A

b. Electromyogram (EMG)

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12
Q

Eye movements are also known as…?

a. Electroencephalogram (EEG)
b. Electromyogram (EMG)
c. Electro-oculogram (EOG)

A

c. Electro-oculogram (EOG)

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13
Q

What are the two basic patterns of brain activity in wakefulness/alertness?

A

1) Alpha activity
2) Beta activity

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14
Q

What is the Alpha activity?

A

Regular, medium-frequency waves of 8-12Hz (resting quietly)

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15
Q

Regular, medium-frequency waves of 8-12Hz (resting quietly)

This is known as…?

A

Alpha activity

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16
Q

What is the Beta activity?

A

Irregular, mostly low-amplitude waves of 13- 30Hz (alert and attentive)

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17
Q

Irregular, mostly low-amplitude waves of 13- 30Hz (alert and attentive)

This is known as…?

A

Beta activity

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18
Q

Which activity is irregular in the wakefulness/alertness stage of sleep?

A

Beta activity

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19
Q

Which activity is regular in the wakefulness/alertness stage of sleep?

A

Alpha activity

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20
Q

Which activity operates at medium frequency waves in the wakefulness/alertness stage of sleep?

A

Alpha activity

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21
Q

Which activity operates at mostly low amplitude waves in the wakefulness/alertness stage of sleep?

A

Beta activity

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22
Q

Which activity operates at waves of 8-12Hz in the wakefulness/alertness stage of sleep?

A

Alpha activity

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23
Q

Which activity operates at waves of 13-30Hz in the wakefulness/alertness stage of sleep?

A

Beta activity

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24
Q

What are the 4 stages of sleep?

A

1) Wakefulness
2) Non-REM sleep
3) Deep sleep
4) REM sleep

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25
Q

What happens in stage 1 of sleep? List 4 things

A
  • Become drowsy
  • Theta activity 3.5–7.5Hz
  • Firing of neurons in the neocortex becoming more synchronised
  • Transition between sleep and wakefulness
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26
Q

What is the theta activity in stage 1 of sleep?

A

3.5-7.5 Hz

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27
Q

What happens to the firing neurons in the neocortex during stage 1 of sleep?

A

They become more synchronised

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28
Q

How long does stage 1 of sleep last?

A

Lasts approximately 10 minutes

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29
Q

Becoming drowsy

In which stage of sleep does this apply to?

A

Stage 1

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30
Q

The transition between sleep and wakefulness

In which stage of sleep does this apply to?

A

Stage 1

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31
Q

The firing of neurons in the neocortex becomes more synchronised

In which stage of sleep does this apply to?

A

Stage 1

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32
Q

Theta activity 3.5–7.5Hz

In which stage of sleep does this apply to?

A

Stage 1 and Stage 2

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33
Q

What happens in stage 2 of sleep? List 4 things

A
  • Irregular EEG (brain activity)
  • Theta activity 3.5–7.5Hz
  • Sleep Spindles
  • K Complexes
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34
Q

In stage 2 of sleep, is the EEG (brain activity) regular or irregular?

A

Irregular

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35
Q

What is the theta activity in stage 2 of sleep?

A

Theta activity 3.5–7.5Hz

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36
Q

What are sleep spindles?

A

Short bursts of waves of 12-14Hz that occur between 2 and 5 times a minute during sleep

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37
Q

Short bursts of waves of 12-14Hz that occur between 2 and 5 times a minute during sleep

These are known as…?

A

Sleep spindles

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38
Q

What are K complexes?

A

Sudden sharp waveforms

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39
Q

Sudden sharp waveforms

What are these known as…?

A

K complexes

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40
Q

True or False?

K complexes or sudden sharp waveforms are usually found in Stages 1 and 2

A

False

K complexes or sudden sharp waveforms are usually only found in Stage 2

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41
Q

What are K complexes associated with?

A

Consolidation of memories

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42
Q

What are an increased number of sleep spindles associated with?

A

Higher scores on intelligence tests

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43
Q

What happens in stages 3 and 4 of sleep?

A
  • Slow-wave sleep
  • High amplitude delta activity (slower than 3.5Hz)
  • Distinction = Stage 3 sees 30-50% delta activity; stage 4 over 50% delta activity
  • Slow wave oscillations <1Hz
  • Down state and upstate
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44
Q

What kind of sleep are stages 3 and 4 sleep?

A

Slow wave sleep

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45
Q

What is the amplitude of delta activity in stages 3 and 4 of sleep?

A
  • High amplitude delta activity
  • Slower than 3.5 Hz
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46
Q

What % of delta activity does stage 3 of sleep see?

A

30=50%

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47
Q

What % of delta activity does stage 4 of sleep see?

A

Over 50%

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48
Q

What kind of oscillations is present in stages 3 and 4 of sleep?

A

Slow wave oscillations <1 Hz

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49
Q

What happens in REM sleep? List 6 things

A

1) EEG Desynchrony – rapid, irregular waves
2) Stage of sleep in which we dream
3) Profound loss of muscle tone – paralysis
4) If woken the person will usually appear attentive and alert
5) Cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption are accelerated
6) Mechanisms that regulate body temperature stop working

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50
Q

What is EEG Desynchrony?

A

Rapid, irregular waves

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51
Q

Which sleep stage involves dreaming?

A

REM sleep

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52
Q

What happened to muscle tone during REM sleep?

A

Profound loss of muscle tone – paralysis

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53
Q

If someone is woken from REM sleep, what happens to them?

A

The person will usually appear attentive and alert

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54
Q

What happens to cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption during REM sleep?

A

They become accelerated

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55
Q

What happens to the mechanisms that regulated body temperature during REM sleep?

A

They stop working

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56
Q

What are the 5 principal characteristics of REM sleep?

A

1) Electroencephalography desynchrony (rapid, irregular waves)

2) Lack of muscle tones

3) Rapid eye movements

4) Penile erection or vaginal secretion

5) Dreams

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57
Q

What are the 4 principal characteristics of slow-wave sleep?

A

1) Electroencephalography synchrony (slow waves)

2) Moderate muscle tonus

3) Slow or absent eye movements

4) Lack of genital activity

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58
Q

Is this a characteristic of REM or slow-wave sleep?

Electroencephalography desynchrony (rapid, irregular waves)

A

REM sleep

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59
Q

Is this a characteristic of REM or slow-wave sleep?

Moderate muscle tonus

A

Slow-wave sleep

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60
Q

Is this a characteristic of REM or slow-wave sleep?

Lack of muscle tones

A

REM sleep

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61
Q

Is this a characteristic of REM or slow-wave sleep?

Electroencephalography synchrony (slow waves)

A

Slow-wave sleep

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62
Q

Is this a characteristic of REM or slow-wave sleep?

Rapid eye movements

A

REM sleep

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63
Q

Is this a characteristic of REM or slow-wave sleep?

Penile erection or vaginal secretion

A

REM sleep

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64
Q

Is this a characteristic of REM or slow-wave sleep?

Lack of genital activity

A

Slow-wave sleep

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65
Q

Is this a characteristic of REM or slow-wave sleep?

Slow or absent eye movements

A

Slow-wave sleep

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66
Q

Is this a characteristic of REM or slow-wave sleep?

Dreams

A

REM sleep

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67
Q

How many neurotransmitters play a role in arousal (alertness and wakefulness)?

A

5

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68
Q

What are the 5 neurotransmitters that play a role in arousal (alertness and wakefulness)?

A

1) Acetylcholine
2) Norepinephrine
3) Serotonin
4) Histamine
5) Orexin

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69
Q

In which areas of the brain is acetylcholine most concentrated?

A

Hippocampus and Neocortex

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70
Q

What happens when AcH (Acetylcholine) neurons are activated in the basal forebrain?

A

Wakefulness

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71
Q

What happens when noradrenergic locus coeruleus (norepinephrine) neurons are activated?

A

Increases vigilance

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72
Q

Does Norepinephrine increase or decrease during wakefulness?

A

Increase

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73
Q

What is the moment-to-moment activity of noradrenergic LC neurons related to?

A

Performance on tasks requiring vigilance

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74
Q

What neuron activity increases vigilance?

A

Noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurons (Norepinephrine)

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75
Q

Where are most of the serotonergic (serotonin) neurons found?

A

Raphe nuclei

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76
Q

What happens when the raphe nuclei is simulated?

A

Causes locomotion and cortical arousal

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77
Q

What neurotransmitter causes locomotion and cortical arousal?

A

Serotonin (serotonergic neurons)

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78
Q

When are serotonergic neurons most active?

A

During waking

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79
Q

Which neurotransmitter increases activity due to the stimulation of raphe nuclei?

A

Serotonergic neurons (serotonin)

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80
Q

When do the activity levels of serotonergic neurons decline?

A

Steadily decline during sleep to almost zero activity in REM sleep

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81
Q

When are serotonergic neurons least active?

A

During REM sleep

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82
Q

What happens to serotonergic neurons after REM sleep?

A

They temporarily become active

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83
Q

Where is histamine (histaminergic neurons) located?

A

Hypothalamus

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84
Q

Which neurotransmitter is located in the hypothalamus?

A

Histamine (histaminergic neurons)

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85
Q

Drugs that prevent the synthesis of histamine or block histamine receptors decrease… and increase…?

A

Decrease waking and increase sleep

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86
Q

What happens when histamine receptors are blocked?

A

Waking decreases and Sleep increase

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87
Q

When is the activity of histaminergic neurons high?

A

During waking

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88
Q

When is the activity of histaminergic neurons low?

A

During slow-wave and REM sleep

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89
Q

Which neurotransmitter is most active during waking but least active during slow-wave and REM sleep?

A

Histamine (histaminergic neurons)

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90
Q

Where are the cell bodies that secrete orexin located?

A

In the hypothalamus

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91
Q

Orexin is also known as…?

A

Hypocretin

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92
Q

What effect does orexin give off?

A

Excitatory effect

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93
Q

Orexin gives off excitatory effect in the…? List 2 locations

A
  • Cerebral cortex
  • All other regions involved in arousal and wakefulness
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94
Q

What happens when orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus are activated?

A

You get awakened from REM and non-REM sleep

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95
Q

Orexinergic neurons in rats fire fastest in …?

A

Active waking, particularly when exploring

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96
Q

Orexinergic neurons in rats fire less in …?

A

Quiet waking and sleep

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97
Q

Slow-wave sleep is controlled by 3 factors. What are they?

A

1) Homeostatic
2) Allostatic
3) Circadian

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98
Q

What is the primary homeostatic factor of slow-wave sleep?

A

Presence or absence of adenosine

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99
Q

Presence or absence of adenosine is a primary homeostatic factor of REM sleep

True or False?

A

False

Presence or absence of adenosine is a primary homeostatic factor of slow-wave sleep

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100
Q

What is mediated by hormonal and neural responses to stressful situations?

A

Allostatic control

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101
Q

Allostatic control is mediated by …?

A

Hormonal and neural responses to stressful situations

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102
Q

True or False?

Inhibition of the arousal system is necessary for sleep

A

True

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103
Q

What controls the activity of arousal-related neurons?

A

A group of GABAnergic neurons in the ventrolateral preoptic area (vlPOA)

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104
Q

What happens when a group of GABAnergic neurons in the ventrolateral preoptic area (vlPOA) when they become active?

A

They suppress the activity of arousal neurons.

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105
Q

What suppresses the activity of arousal neurons?

A

Increased activity of GABAnergic neurons in the ventrolateral preoptic area (vlPOA)

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106
Q

What is the sleep/waking flip-flop?

A

The ability to remain in a stable period of sleep or wakefulness

Due to “mutual inhibition” between the wake-promoting neurons and the sleep-promoting neurons

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107
Q

When is a sleep-wake flip-flop on?

A

When the sleep-promoting neurons in the vlPOA are inhibited and the arousal neurons are active

108
Q

When is a sleep-wake flip-flop off?

A

When the sleep-promoting neurons in the vlPOA are activated and the arousal neurons are inhibited

109
Q

Does this occur when the sleep-wake flip-flop is on or off?

When the sleep-promoting neurons in the vlPOA are inhibited

A

On

110
Q

Does this occur when the sleep-wake flip-flop is on or off?

When arousal neurons are active

A

On

111
Q

Does this occur when the sleep-wake flip-flop is on or off?

When the sleep-promoting neurons in the vlPOA are activated

A

Off

112
Q

Does this occur when the sleep-wake flip-flop is on or off?

When the arousal neurons are inhibited

A

Off

113
Q

What helps stabilise the sleep/waking flip/flop?

A

Orexinergic neurons

114
Q

What do Orexinergic neurons help to stabilise?

A

The sleep/waking flip/flop

115
Q

What activates the orexinergic neurons?

A

Motivation to remain awake or events that disturb sleep

116
Q

Motivation to remain awake or events that disturb sleep activate…?

A

The orexinergic neurons

117
Q

What factors control the activity of the orexinergic neurons? List 4 factors

A

1) Biological clock
2) Hunger-related signals activate them
3) Satiety-related signals inhibit them
4) Orexinergic neurons receiving inhibitory input from the vlPOA because of a build-up of adenosine.

118
Q

What kind of signal activates orexinergic neurons?

A

Hunger related signals

119
Q

What kind of signal inhibits orexinergic neurons?

A

Satiety related signals

120
Q

Why do Orexinergic neurons receive inhibitory input from the vlPOA?

A

Because of a build-up of adenosine

121
Q

A build-up of adenosine causes the Orexinergic neurons to…?

A

Receive inhibitory input from the vlPOA

122
Q

Acetylcholinergic neurons fire at a low rate in REM sleep

True or False?

A

False

Acetylcholinergic neurons fire at a high rate in REM sleep

123
Q

Where are REM flip-flop ON neurons located?

A

The pons

124
Q

Where are REM flip-flop OFF neurons located?

A

The midbrain

125
Q

Which REM flip-flop neuron is located in the midbrain?

A

REM-OFF neurons

126
Q

Which REM flip-flop neuron is located in the pons?

A

REM-ON neurons

127
Q

During waking, the REM-OFF region receives (inhibitory/excitatory) input from the ………… of the …………., and this activation tips the REM flip-flop into the OFF state

A

a. excitatory
b. orexinergic neurons
c. lateral hypothalamus

128
Q

During waking, the REM-OFF region receives excitatory input from the orexinergic neurons of the lateral hypothalamus

What does this activation do?

A

It turns the REM flip-flop into the OFF state

129
Q

What happens when the sleep/waking flip-flop switches into the sleep phase…?

A

Slow-wave sleep begins

130
Q

When does slow-wave sleep begin in terms of sleep-wake flip-flop?

A

When the sleep/waking flip-flop switches into the sleep phase

131
Q

The activity of the excitatory orexinergic, noradrenergic, and serotonergic inputs to the REM-OFF region begins to decrease

What happens as a consequence?

A

The excitatory input to the REM-OFF region is removed

132
Q

During slow-wave sleep, the activity of the excitatory orexinergic, noradrenergic, and serotonergic inputs to the REM-OFF region begins to ….?

A

Decrease

133
Q

During slow-wave sleep, the activity of the excitatory ……, ……… and ………. inputs to the REM-OFF region begins to decrease

A
  • Orexinergic
  • Noradrenergic
  • Serotonergic
134
Q

When REM flip-flop tips to the ON state, what happens?

A

REM sleep begins

135
Q

REM sleep begins when…?

A

The REM flip-flop tips to the ON state

136
Q

Orexin is very important. Why? What does it do?

A

It keeps the REM flip-flop in the OFF position

137
Q

What keeps the REM flip-flop in the OFF position?

A

Orexin

138
Q

There are also specific neurons that control the muscular paralysis that occurs during REM sleep

Name one of them

A

Motor neurons in the spinal cord

139
Q

What happens to motor neurons when the REM flip-flop tips to the ON state?

A

Motor neurons in the spinal cord become inhibited, and cannot respond to the signals arising from the motor cortex in the course of a dream

140
Q

What happens when motor neurons in the spinal cord become inhibited when the REM flip-flop tips to the ON state?

A

They cannot respond to the signals arising from the motor cortex in the course of a dream.

141
Q

What happens when there is damage to the paralysis neurons?

A

Removes the inhibition of motor neurons in the spinal cord, and the person acts out his or her dreams.

142
Q

What removes the inhibition of motor neurons in the spinal cord?

A

Damage to the paralysis neurons

143
Q

When inhibition of motor neurons in the spinal cord is removed, what happens?

A

The person acts out his or her dreams

144
Q

Does dreaming have an adaptive function?

A

There is little evidence (technically no)

145
Q

What did Revonsuo suggest about what dreaming represents?

A

Dreaming represents threat-stimulation

146
Q

Dreaming represents threat-stimulation

What is the evidence for this?

A

The particular pattern of brain activity during a dream represents areas that would be active if the events were occurring

147
Q

What is a nightmare?

A

A vivid and frightening dream that awakens the dreamer

148
Q

A vivid and frightening dream that awakens the dreamer

This is known as…?

A

Nightmares

149
Q

What are the 2 types of nightmares?

A

1) Idiopathic
2) Post-traumatic

150
Q

……%-……% of the population experience frequent nightmares

A

2% - 5%

151
Q

What is a greater experience of nightmares associated with? List 4 things

A

1) PTSD
2) Depression
3) Insomnia
4) Being female

152
Q

What is lucid dreaming?

A

Awareness that you are dreaming while the dream continues

153
Q

Awareness that you are dreaming while the dream continues

This is known as…?

A

Lucid dreaming

154
Q

True or False?

Lucid dreaming can be trained

A

True

155
Q

True or False?

Lucid dreaming cannot be induced

A

False

Lucid dreaming can be induced

156
Q

How did Voss et al. induce lucid dreams in participants?

A

By applying frontotemporal transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS)

157
Q

At what 2 frequencies can lucid dreams be induced?

A

25Hz and 40Hz

158
Q

What 2 things are associated with lucid dreaming?

A

1) Lower gamma frequency
2) Fronto-temporal area of the brain

159
Q

1) Lower gamma frequency
2) Frontotemporal area of the brain

These are the 2 things associated with…?

A

Lucid dreaming

160
Q

What is the function of slow-wave sleep?

A

For the brain to rest

161
Q

What type of sleep allows the brain to rest?

A

Slow-wave sleep

162
Q

What does slow-wave sleep deprivation affect?

A

Cognitive abilities (especially sustained attention)

163
Q

Does slow-wave sleep deprivation affect physical abilities?

A

No

164
Q

How does unihemispheric slow-wave sleep work? (sleeping with only one hemisphere)

A

1) Right hemisphere waking, Left hemisphere waking

2) Right hemisphere intermediate sleep, Left hemisphere waking

3) Right hemisphere slow-wave sleep, Left hemisphere waking

4) Right hemisphere waking, Left hemisphere slow-wave sleep

165
Q

How do dolphins sleep?

A

Unihemispheric slow-wave sleep (sleeping with only one hemisphere)

166
Q

Why do some mammals sleep with only one hemisphere?

A

So that the animal remains behaviorally
alert

167
Q

During slow-wave sleep, what % does our blood flow and cerebral metabolic rate fall by?

A

75%

168
Q

During slow-wave sleep, what 2 things fall by about 75%?

A
  • Cerebral metabolic rate
  • Blood flow
169
Q

When the cerebral metabolic rate and blood flow fall and people are unresponsive, what does this suggest about the cerebral cortex during slow-wave sleep?

A

It shuts down

170
Q

True or False?

The amount we sleep is related to the amount of exercise we have done that day

A

False

The amount we sleep is not related to the amount of exercise we have done that day.

171
Q

What happens when we are deprived of REM sleep?

A

We will have more REM sleep in the next sleep period (Rebound phenomenon)

172
Q

What is a rebound phenomenon?

A

An increased amount of sleep (slow-wave or REM) a person receives as a result of being sleep deprived or stressed during waking hours

173
Q

When does the highest proportion of REM sleep occur?

A

During brain development

174
Q

True or False?

It is not possible to function normally with no REM sleep, with no obvious side effects

A

False

It is possible to function normally with no REM sleep, with no obvious side effects

175
Q

It is possible to function normally with no REM sleep, with no obvious side effects

What is the evidence for this?

A

People on antidepressants or with brain damage experience reduced or eliminated REM sleep and still function normally

176
Q

Why is sleep important in terms of learning?

A

Important for the consolidation of memories

177
Q

What are the 2 very broad types of memory associated with slow-wave sleep and REM sleep?

A
  • Declarative (Explicit)
  • Nondeclarative (Implicit)
178
Q

Which memory is explicit?

a. Declarative
b. Nondeclarative

A

a. Declarative

179
Q

Which memory is implicit?

a. Declarative
b. Nondeclarative

A

b. Nondeclarative

180
Q

Describe Mednick, Nakayama, & Stickgold’s study investigating sleep and learning

A

1) Participants learned a nondeclarative (implicit) visual discrimination task at 9 am

2) Some participants took a 90 min nap during the day

3) The researchers used EEG to see which participants engaged in REM sleep and which participants did not

4) All participants performed the task again at 7 pm that night

181
Q

Describe the results of Mednick, Nakayama, & Stickgold’s study investigating sleep and learning

A
  • REM sleep plays an important role in learning a nondeclarative visual discrimination task
  • Only after a 90-minute nap that included both slow-wave sleep and REM sleep did the subjects’ performance improve
182
Q

Describe Tucker et al.’s study investigating sleep and learning

A

1) Trained participants on a nondeclarative (mirror tracing) and a declarative task (list of paired words)

2) Some participants had a one-hour nap but were awakened before they engaged in REM sleep

So those who napped engaged in slow-wave sleep only

183
Q

Describe the results of Tucker et al.’s study investigating sleep and learning

A

After a nap that only included slow-wave sleep, only subjects who learned the declarative learning task showed improved performance, compared with subjects who stayed awake

184
Q

Which sleep facilitates the consolidation of nondeclarative memories?

a. REM sleep
b. Slow-wave sleep

A

a. REM sleep

185
Q

REM sleep facilitates the consolidation of ………… memories

a. Declarative
b. Nondeclarative

A

b. Nondeclarative

186
Q

Which sleep facilitates the consolidation of declarative memories?

a. REM sleep
b. Slow-wave sleep

A

b. Slow-wave sleep

187
Q

Slow-wave sleep facilitates consolidation of ……… memories

a. Declarative
b. Nondeclarative

A

a. Declarative

188
Q

Which sleep is said to play a role in navigation (learning your way around a virtual town)?

a. REM sleep
b. Slow-wave sleep

A

b. Slow-wave sleep

189
Q

Slow-wave sleep is said to play a role in navigation (learning your way around a virtual town)

How does this occur?

A

We appear to rehearse the information during slow-wave sleep and consolidate learning

190
Q

True or False?

We appear to rehearse the information during REM sleep and consolidate learning

A

False

We appear to rehearse the information during slow-wave sleep and consolidate learning

191
Q

In a case of a 33-year-old who has had very little REM sleep since a brain injury at age 20, does his learning appear impaired?

A

No

He appears to be able to learn and completed law school as well as practices as a lawyer

192
Q

What are the 6 disorders of sleep?

A
  • Insomnia
  • Sleep Apnea
  • Narcolepsy
  • REM sleep behaviour disorder
  • Slow-wave sleep problems
  • Fatal familial insomnia
193
Q

The difficulty getting to sleep, staying asleep,
or having non-restorative sleep together with associated impairment of daytime functioning

This is known as…?

A

Insomnia

194
Q

What is insomnia?

A

The difficulty getting to sleep, staying asleep,
or having non-restorative sleep together with associated impairment of daytime functioning

195
Q

A person’s particular need for sleep is known as…?

A

Insomnia

196
Q

Chronic insomnia affects approximately …….% of the population

A

9%

197
Q

How many people in the population report at least one nocturnal symptom of insomnia?

A

1/3

198
Q

What are the 5 factors which could affect/induce insomnia?

A

1) Age
2) Environmental factors
3) Physiology
4) Circadian rhythms
5) Medical conditions and medications

199
Q

Is insomnia more common in younger or older people?

A

Older

200
Q

What kind of environmental factors affect insomnia? List 2 types

A

1) Electronic devices, noise, and light = detrimental

2) White noise or other repetitive noise - beneficial

201
Q

What kind of environmental factors are detrimental to insomnia?

A

Electronic devices, noise and light

202
Q

What kind of environmental factors are beneficial to insomnia?

A

White noise or other repetitive noise

203
Q

What kind of physiological factor causes insomnia?

A

Heightened activity in the reticular activating system

204
Q

What kind of circadian rhythmic factor causes insomnia?

A

Changes
e.g. through time zone, shift-work patterns

205
Q

What kind of medical conditions and medications cause insomnia?

A
  • Heart and respiratory conditions
  • Some antidepressants
  • Epilepsy medications
206
Q

How is insomnia usually treated? List 2 ways

A

1) Drugs
2) Can potentially be treated with
mindfulness and CBT

207
Q

Chronic sleep deprivation can lead to serious health problems

Give 3 examples

A
  • Obesity
  • Diabetes
  • Cardiovascular disease
208
Q

What is sleep apnea?

A

It is a form of insomnia

It is the inability to sleep and breathe at the same time

209
Q

The inability to sleep and breathe at the same time is known as…?

A

Sleep Apnea

210
Q

What happens when people can’t sleep and breathe at the same time?

A
  • When breathing is reduced due to sleep apnea, carbon dioxide can accumulate in the bloodstream and cause hypercapnia
  • Carbon dioxide in the blood
    stimulates chemoreceptors
  • This disrupts sleep affecting daytime functioning
211
Q

What happens when there is a build-up of CO2 during sleep apnea?

A

Carbon dioxide can accumulate in the bloodstream and cause hypercapnia

Carbon dioxide in the blood
stimulates chemoreceptors which disrupts daytime functioning

212
Q

How can sleep apnea be relieved?

A

If sleep apnea is caused by obstruction, it can be corrected surgically or relieved by pressurised air that keeps the airway open

213
Q

What is Narcolepsy?

A

A rare long-term brain condition that can prevent a person from choosing when to wake or sleep

The brain is unable to regulate sleeping and waking patterns normally

214
Q

A rare long-term brain condition that can prevent a person from choosing when to wake or sleep

The brain is unable to regulate sleeping and waking patterns normally

This is known as…?

A

Narcolepsy

215
Q

What are the 4 main symptoms of narcolepsy?

A

1) Sleep attack
2) Cataplexy
3) Sleep paralysis
4) Hypnagogic hallucinations

216
Q

What is a sleep attack?

A

The overwhelming urge to sleep

217
Q

The overwhelming urge to sleep

This is known as…?

A

Sleep attack

218
Q

Muscular paralysis of REM sleep while awake

This is known as…?

A

Cataplexy

219
Q

What is Cataplexy?

A

Muscular paralysis of REM sleep while awake

220
Q

Sleep attack, Cataplexy, Sleep paralysis and Hypnagogic hallucinations are symptoms of…?

A

Narcolepsy

221
Q

What happens when someone experiences Cataplexy/muscular paralysis of REM sleep while awake?

List 2 things

A

1) Varying degrees of muscle weakness

2) One can become completely paralyzed while conscious

222
Q

When does cataplexy/muscular paralysis of REM sleep while awake generally occur?

A

When the person feels strong emotions or by sudden physical effort

223
Q

What is sleep paralysis?

A

REM muscular paralysis just before the onset of sleep or upon waking

Simply = When you cannot move your muscles as you are waking up or falling asleep because you are in sleep mode but your brain is active

224
Q

REM muscular paralysis just before the onset of sleep or upon waking

Simply = When you cannot move your muscles as you are waking up or falling asleep because you are in sleep mode but your brain is active

This is known as…?

A

Sleep paralysis

225
Q

What are hypnagogic hallucinations?

A

Dreaming while awake and paralysed

The dreams can be very realistic and terrifying.

226
Q

Dreaming while awake and paralysed

The dreams can be very realistic and terrifying.

This is known as…?

A

Hypnagogic hallucinations

227
Q

What are the 3 causes of Narcolepsy?

A

1) Hereditary element

2) Environmental factors play a role but are unknown

3) Orexinergic neurons are attacked by the immune system, usually in adolescence

228
Q

What are the 3 main treatments for Narcolepsy?

A

1) Methylphenidate (Ritalin)
2) Antidepressant drugs
3) Modafanil and/or sodium oxybate (GHB; gamma hydroxybutyric acid)

229
Q

How can sleep attacks be diminished?

A

Taking stimulants such as methylphenidate (Ritalin)

230
Q

Methylphenidate (Ritalin) reduces which symptom of narcolepsy?

A

Sleep attacks

231
Q

Antidepressant drugs treats which symptom of narcolepsy?

A

REM sleep phenomenon (cataplexy, sleep paralysis and hypagogic hallucinations)

232
Q

How can REM sleep phenomenon (cataplexy, sleep paralysis and hypnagogic hallucinations) be treated?

A

Taking antidepressant drugs

233
Q

What are the most common current treatments for Narcolepsy?

A

Stimulant drugs such as:

  • Modafanil
  • Sodium oxybate (GHB; gamma hydroxybutyric acid)
234
Q

The failure to exhibit paralysis during REM sleep is known as…?

A

REM Sleep Behaviour Disorder

235
Q

What is REM Sleep Behaviour Disorder?

A

Failure to exhibit paralysis during REM sleep

Simply = Acting out dreams

236
Q

True or False?

REM Sleep Behaviour Disorder is a neurodegenerative disorder with a genetic component

A

True

237
Q

What is REM Sleep Behaviour Disorder associated with?

A

Neurodegenerative conditions such as Parkinson’s disease

238
Q

How is REM Sleep Behaviour Disorder usually treated? List 1 treatment/drug

A

Clonazepam (a benzodiazepine tranquiliser)

239
Q

What is the scientific term for sleepwalking?

A

Somnambulism

240
Q

What is sleepwalking/somnambulism?

A

Not acting out a dream but the person can
engage in complex behaviours

241
Q

Not acting out a dream but the person can
engage in complex behaviours

This is known as…?

A

Sleepwalking (Somnambulism)

242
Q

Is Sleepwalking (Somnambulism) more common in adults or children?

A

Children

243
Q

Does Sleepwalking (Somnambulism) have a genetic or environmental component?

A

Genetic

244
Q

The disorder of arousal is known as…?

A

Sleepwalking (Somnambulism)

245
Q

What is the scientific term for night terrors?

A

Pavor nocturnus

246
Q

What are night terrors (pavor nocturnus)?

A

Anguished screams, trembling, a rapid pulse, and usually no memory of what caused the terror

247
Q

Anguished screams, trembling, a rapid pulse, and usually no memory of what caused the terror

This is known as…?

A

Night terrors (pavor nocturnus)

248
Q

Do night terrors (pavor nocturnus) have a hereditary or environmental element?

A

Hereditary environment

249
Q

What are the 3 main slow-wave sleep problems?

A

1) Sleepwalking (Somnambulism)
2) Night terrors (pavor nocturnus)
3) Bedwetting (nocturnal enuresis)

250
Q

What is the scientific term for bedwetting?

A

Nocturnal enuresis

251
Q

Bedwetting (nocturnal enuresis) happens to about …% of ….. year olds

A

a. 10%
b. 7 year olds

252
Q

Does bedwetting (nocturnal enuresis) have a heredity or environmental element?

A

Heredity

253
Q

What is Fatal Familial Insomnia?

A

An inability to sleep (insomnia) that may be initially mild, but progressively worsens, leading to significant physical and mental deterioration

254
Q

An inability to sleep (insomnia) that may be initially mild, but progressively worsens, leading to significant physical and mental deterioration

This is known as…?

A

Fatal Familial Insomnia

255
Q

True or False?

Fatal Familial Insomnia is a neurodegenerative condition

A

True

256
Q

What is a Neurodegenerative condition/disorder?

A

A type of disease in which cells of the central nervous system stop working or die

257
Q

A type of disease in which cells of the central nervous system stop working or die

What term is used to describe this?

A

Neurodegenerative condition/disorder

258
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of Fatal Familial Insomnia?

A

1) It is a neurodegenerative condition
2) It is a prion disease (fatal; untreatable disease)
3) It involves damage to the thalamus
4) It initially presents insomnia and very vivid dreams when the person finally manages to sleep
5) It induces psychiatric complications

259
Q

What sleep disorder initially presents insomnia and very vivid dreams when the person finally manages to sleep?

A

Fatal Familial Insomnia

260
Q

What are the 4 psychiatric complications of Fatal Familial Insomnia?

A

1) Panic attacks
2) Cognitive deficits
3) Paranoia
4) Phobias

261
Q

As Fatal Familial Insomnia progresses, what system does it affect?

A

The autonomic nervous system

e.g. elevated blood pressure and coordination (ataxia)

262
Q

People who experience Fatal Familial Insomnia have EEG which shows disturbances and reductions in…? List 2 things

A
  • Sleep spindles
  • K complexes
263
Q

Which disorder involves the disappearance of slow-wave sleep and only brief periods of REM sleep?

A

Fatal Familial Insomnia

264
Q

Fatal Familial Insomnia involves the disappearance of what type of sleep?

a. REM sleep
b. Slow-wave sleep

A

b. Slow-wave sleep

265
Q

Fatal Familial Insomnia involves having only brief periods of what type of sleep?

a. REM sleep
b. Slow-wave sleep

A

a. REM sleep

266
Q

What sleep disorder involves the inability to voluntarily move or speak (akinetic mutism), coma, and death?

A

Fatal Familial Insomnia

SEM 2 Brain & Behaviour (10 decks)

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