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SEM 2 Brain & Behaviour > Intro to Brain & Behaviour > Flashcards

Intro to Brain & Behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

Why study the Brain and Behaviour?

A

How the brain produces behaviour is still a major unanswered scientific question

Understanding brain function will allow improvements in many aspects of our daily lives: medical advancements, educational systems, economic systems and social systems

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2
Q

What are the 2 representations in the head?

A

1) Mental representation
2) Neural representation

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3
Q

Define Mental Representation.

A

The sense in which properties of the outside world (e.g. colours, objects) are copied/simulated by cognition

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4
Q

The sense in which properties of the outside world (e.g. colours, objects) are copied/simulated by cognition is know as..?

A

Mental Representation

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5
Q

Define Neural Representation

A

The way in which properties of the outside world manifest themselves in the neural signal (e.g. different spiking rates for different stimuli)

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6
Q

The way in which properties of the outside world manifest themselves in the neural signal (e.g. different spiking rates for different stimuli) is known as…?

A

Neural Representation

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7
Q

Studies of animal brains, patients with brain damage, and neuroimaging have enabled scientists to understand ….?

A

The structure and function of the brain

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8
Q

What does Anterior/Rostral mean in the Nervous system?

A

The front part of the brain

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9
Q

What does Posterior/Caudal mean in the Nervous system?

A

The back part of the brain

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10
Q

The front part of the brain is called…?

A

Anterior/Rostral

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11
Q

The back part of the brain is called…?

A

Posterior/Caudal

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12
Q

What does Dorsal mean in the Nervous system?

A

The top part of the brain

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13
Q

What does Ventral mean in the Nervous system?

A

The bottom part of the brain

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14
Q

The top part of the brain is called…?

A

Dorsal

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15
Q

The bottom part of the brain is called…?

A

Ventral

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16
Q

What does Lateral mean in the Nervous system?

A

Part of the brain that is towards the side

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17
Q

What does Medial mean in the Nervous system?

A

Part of the brain that is towards the middle

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18
Q

What does Ipsilateral mean in the Nervous system?

A

Same side

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19
Q

What does Contralateral mean in the Nervous system?

A

Opposite side

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20
Q

Define Transverse section in brain slices

A

Right angle to the neuraxis

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21
Q

Brain slice right angle to the neuraxis is known as…?

A

Transverse section

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22
Q

Define Sagittal Section in brain slices

A

Parallel to neuraxis and perpendicular to the ground

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23
Q

The brain slice parallel to the neuraxis and perpendicular to the ground is known as…?

A

Sagittal Section

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24
Q

Define Horizontal Section in brain slices

A

Parallel to the ground

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25
Q

The brain slice parallel to the ground is known as…?

A

Horizontal Section

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26
Q

What are the 3 types of brain slices and planes?

A

1) Transverse section
2) Sagittal section
3) Horizontal section

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27
Q

What are the 2 types of nervous systems?

A

1) Central nervous system
2) Peripheral nervous system

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28
Q

What 2 things are part of the central nervous system?

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

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29
Q

What are the 2 types of nervous systems in the peripheral nervous system?

A

1) Somatic NS
2) Automatic NS

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30
Q

Brain & spinal cord are in which nervous system?

A

Central Nervous System

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31
Q

Cranial nerves & spinal nerves are in which nervous system?

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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32
Q

What are the 2 nerves in the Peripheral Nervous System

A

1) Cranial nerves
2) Spinal nerves

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33
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of the brain?

A

1) Soft, jellylike structure; weight = 1400g

2) Large mass of neurons, glia and other supporting cells

3) The brain accounts for only 2% of body weight

4) In the liver, any given area performs the exact same function as another. In the brain, although similar in appearance, areas support different functions

5) The most protected organ in the body encased in a tough bony skull and floating in CSF fluid

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34
Q

How much does the brain account for our body weight?

A

2%

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35
Q

How much blood supply does the brain use?

A

20%

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36
Q

How much oxygen does the brain consume through the blood supply?

A

15-20%

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37
Q

How many miles of blood vessels does the human brain contain?

A

400 miles

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38
Q

What is the purpose of the large hole in the ventral part of the human skull?

A

Passage of the spinal cord

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39
Q

What is the name of the hole we have at the ventral part of our skull?

A

Foramen Magnum

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40
Q

Define Meninges

A

Layers of membranes which protect the brain and spinal cord

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41
Q

What is the term used to describe this?

Layers of membranes which protect the brain and spinal cord

A

Meninges

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42
Q

How many Meninges are there?

A

3

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43
Q

What are the 3 Meninges?

A

1) Dura Mater
2) Arachnoid
3) Pia Mater

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44
Q

Which meninge is the tougher, outer layer?

A

Dura Mater

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45
Q

Which meninge is flexible?

A

Dura Mater

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46
Q

Which meninge is a web-like structure filled with fluid that cushions the brain?

A

Arachnoid

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47
Q

Which meninge is like a sheet of cellophane that is draped over the brain and does not dip into the valleys of the brain contour?

A

Arachnoid

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48
Q

Which meninge is the delicate inner layer?

A

Pia Mater

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49
Q

Which meninge is the last layer of the meninges, which adheres to the surface of the brain?

A

Pia Mater

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50
Q

What is the term used to describe the space between the arachnoid and pia mater?

A

The subarachnoid space

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51
Q

Define the subarachnoid space

A

The space between the arachnoid membrane and pia mater filled with CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)

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52
Q

Define ventricles

A

A set of hollow chambers within the brain filled with CSF

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53
Q

What is the term used to define a set of hollow chambers within the brain filled with CSF?

A

Ventricles

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54
Q

What are the 4 ventricles?

A

1) Lateral Ventricles
2) Third Ventricles
3) Cerebral Aqueduct
4) Fourth Ventricle

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55
Q

What is the name of the fluid that is similar to blood plasma composition and is formed by the choroid plexus to protect the brain?

A

Cerebrospinal Fluid or CSF

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56
Q

What is Cerebrospinal Fluid or CSF formed by?

A

Formed by the choroid plexus

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57
Q

What is Cerebrospinal Fluid or CSF similar to in terms of composition?

A

Blood plasma

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58
Q

What is the purpose of Cerebrospinal Fluid or CSF?

A

Forms a watery cushion to protect the brain

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59
Q

What forms a watery cushion to protect the brain?

A

Cerebrospinal Fluid or CSF

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60
Q

Where is the Cerebrospinal Fluid or CSF circulated?

A

Circulated in arachnoid space, ventricles, and central canal of the spinal cord

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61
Q

What is the total volume of Cerebrospinal Fluid or CSF?

A

125-150 ml

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62
Q

How many times per day does Cerebrospinal Fluid or CSF turn over?

A

3 to 4 times per day

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63
Q

What actively secretes Cerebrospinal Fluid or CSF?

A

The brain

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64
Q

Does Cerebrospinal Fluid or CSF get reused/reabsorbed?

A

Yes
CSF is constantly being made, circulates and is reabsorbed into the bloodstream

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65
Q

Describe the 5-step circulation of CSF

A

1) Passes from the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle through the interventricular foramen

2) From the third ventricle, the CSF flows through the cerebral aqueduct (of Sylvius) to the fourth ventricle

3) From the fourth ventricle, some CSF flows through a narrow passage called the obex and enters the central canal of the spinal cord. However, the majority of CSF passes through the apertures of the fourth ventricle; the median aperture (of Magendie) and two lateral apertures (of Luschka). Via these openings, the CSF enters the cisterna magna and cerebellopontine cisterns

4) From there, the CSF flows through the subarachnoid space of the brain and spinal cord

5) It is finally reabsorbed into the dural venous sinuses through arachnoid granulations

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66
Q

Is CSF reabsorbed?

A

Yes

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67
Q

What is the condition where infants have excess CSF fluid in the brain

A

Hydrocephalus

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68
Q

Describe hydrocephalus

A
  • Excess liquid in the brain
  • Head gets bigger and babies bones near the brain can expand
  • Excess fluid puts pressure on the brain, which can damage it
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69
Q

When does the development of the nervous system begin?

A

Around the eighteenth day after conception

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70
Q

What happens by the 21st day to the infant’s brain?

A

Ridges of the brain touch each other and fuse together, forming a tube (neural tube) that gives rise to the brain and spinal cord

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71
Q

What are the 3 major divisions of the brain?

A

1) Forebrain
2) Midbrain
3) Hindbrain

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72
Q

Lateral and Third ventricles are in which major division of the brain?

1) Forebrain
2) Midbrain
3) Hindbrain

A

1) Forebrain

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73
Q

The cerebral aqueduct ventricle is in which major division of the brain?

1) Forebrain
2) Midbrain
3) Hindbrain

A

2) Midbrain

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74
Q

The fourth ventricle is in which major division of the brain?

1) Forebrain
2) Midbrain
3) Hindbrain

A

3) Hindbrain

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75
Q

Which section/division of the brain is the largest?

1) Forebrain
2) Midbrain
3) Hindbrain

A

1) Forebrain

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76
Q

Telencephalon and Diencephalon subdivisions are in which major division of the brain?

1) Forebrain
2) Midbrain
3) Hindbrain

A

1) Forebrain

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77
Q

What 3 principle structures are in the Telencephalon subdivision?

A

1) Cerebral cortex
2) Basal ganglia
3) Limbic system

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78
Q

Mesencephalon subdivision is in which major division of the brain?

1) Forebrain
2) Midbrain
3) Hindbrain

A

2) Midbrain

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79
Q

Metencephalon and Myelencephalon subdivisions are in which major division of the brain?

1) Forebrain
2) Midbrain
3) Hindbrain

A

3) Hindbrain

80
Q

What 2 principle structures are in the Diencephalon subdivision?

A

1) Thalamus
2) Hypothalamus

81
Q

What is the term used to describe this?

A thin, wrinkled layer of tissue covering the brain consisting of two hemispheres

A

Cerebral Cortex (bark)

82
Q

Define Cerebral Cortex

A

A thin, wrinkled layer of tissue covering the brain consisting of two hemispheres

83
Q

In order to fit the skull, the cerebral cortex is crumpled to what size?

A

area 2500cm2

84
Q

How does the dolphin brain compare to the human brain? List 4 differences

A

1) Dolphin brains have a thin neocortex (about 1.5 mm, compared to 2.9 mm in humans)

2) They have a rather uniform structure of the cortex

3) Dolphin brains are bigger than human brains

4) Dolphin cerebral cortex is more crumpled up than the human cerebral cortex

85
Q

What is different between human and sheep brains? List 1 difference

A

1) Sheep brains have a less crumpled cerebral cortex than human brains

86
Q

What is similar between human and sheep brains? List 2 similarities

A

1) Both sheep and human brains have 2 hemispheres (right and left)

2) Both sheep and human brains have similar basic structures and functions

87
Q

What are the 2 types of matter in the cerebrum?

A

1) Grey matter
2) White matter

88
Q

What matter is composed of cell bodies of the neurons?

A

Grey matter

89
Q

Define grey matter

A

The matter that is composed of cell bodies of the neurons

90
Q

Define white matter

A

The matter that is the axons and dendrites of the neurons – bundles of “cables” connecting regions of the brain and spinal cord

91
Q

The matter that is the axons and dendrites of the neurons – bundles of “cables” connecting regions of the brain and spinal cord

This is known as…?

A

White matter

92
Q

Which matter is important for information processing?

A

White matter

93
Q

How do the right and left hemispheres communicate?

A

Corpus Callosum

94
Q

Define Corpus Callosum

A

A nerve track that connects the 2 brain hemispheres

95
Q

Where can the cerebral cortex be found?

A

Telencephalon

96
Q

What comes next?

Telencephalon –> Cerebral Cortex –> ———–

97
Q

What are the 4 types of lobes in the cerebral cortex?

A

1) Frontal lobe
2) Parietal lobe
3) Occipital lobe
4) Temporal lobe

98
Q

Which fissure is in between the frontal and parietal lobes?

A

Central fissure

99
Q

Which fissure is in between the parietal and occipital lobes?

A

Occipital fissure

100
Q

Which fissure is in between the occipital and temporal lobes?

A

Exoccipital fissure

101
Q

Which fissure is in between the temporal and frontal lobes?

A

Sylvian fissure

102
Q

List the lobes in the brain in order

A

1) Frontal
2) Parietal
3) Occipital
4) Temporal

103
Q

What is the function of Primary cortices?

A

To generate signals to direct the movement of the body

104
Q

Where are primary cortices found?

A

It is part of the frontal lobe and is anterior to the central fissure

105
Q

What are the 4 main types of primary cortices?

A

1) Primary motor cortex
2) Primary somatosensory cortex
3) Primary visual cortex
4) Primary auditory cortex

106
Q

What is somatosensory?

A

Part of the sensory system concerned with the conscious perception of touch, pressure, pain, temperature, position, movement, and vibration, which arise from the muscles, joints, skin, and fascia

107
Q

Define somatotopic organization

A

The point-for-point correspondence of an area of the body to a specific point in the central nervous system

108
Q

The point-for-point correspondence of an area of the body to a specific point in the central nervous system is known as…?

A

Somatotopic organization

109
Q

Describe the primary somatosensory cortex

A
  • It receives information from the body senses
  • Different regions receive information from different parts of the body
110
Q
  • It receives information from the body senses
  • Different regions receive information from different parts of the body

Which primary cortex is this?

A

Primary somatosensory cortex

111
Q

Describe the primary motor cortex

A

Neurons in different regions of the motor cortex connect to muscles in different regions of the contralateral side of the body

112
Q

Neurons in different regions of the motor cortex connect to muscles in different regions of the contralateral side of the body

Which primary cortex is this?

A

Primary motor cortex

113
Q

Describe the primary visual cortex

A

It receives visual information

114
Q

It receives visual information

Which primary cortex is this?

A

Primary visual cortex

115
Q

Describe the primary auditory cortex

A

It receives auditory information

116
Q

It receives auditory information

Which primary cortex is this?

A

Primary auditory cortex

117
Q

Describe Brodmann area

A

A Brodmann area is a region of the cerebral cortex defined based on its cytoarchitectonics or structure and organization of cells

118
Q

The region of the cerebral cortex defined based on its cytoarchitectonics or structure and organization of cells is known as?

A

Brodmann area

119
Q

How many Brodmann areas are there?

A

46 areas, each carrying an individual number and some being further subdivided

120
Q

Brodmann areas 1, 2 and 3 are the primary (………..) cortex

A

Somatosensory

121
Q

Brodmann area 17 is the primary (………….) cortex

122
Q

Define the limbic system

A

Set of structures involved in learning, memory, and emotion

123
Q

Set of structures involved in learning, memory, and emotion

What system is this?

A

Limbic system

124
Q

What are the 5 parts of the limbic system?

A

1) Limbic Cortex
2) Hippocampus
3) Amygdala
4) Fornix
5) Mammillary Bodies (part of the hypothalamus)

125
Q

1) Limbic Cortex
2) Hippocampus
3) Amygdala
4) Fornix
5) Mammillary Bodies (part of the hypothalamus)

These are all part of the…?

A

Limbic system

126
Q

Define Basal Ganglia

A

Set of structures involved in processing information for motor movement

127
Q

Set of structures involved in processing information for motor movement is known as?

A

Basal Ganglia

128
Q

Major structures of the basal ganglia motor system include ….?

A

1) Caudate Nucleus
2) Putamen
3) Globus Pallidus

129
Q

1) Caudate Nucleus
2) Putamen
3) Globus Pallidus

These structures are part of the…?

A

Basal ganglia motor system

130
Q

Define Nuclei

A

A group of neurons of similar shape

131
Q

A group of neurons of similar shape is known as?

132
Q

Part of the forebrain consisting largely of the thalamus and hypothalamus is known as the…?

A

Diencephalon

133
Q

Define Diencephalon

A

Part of the forebrain consisting largely of the thalamus and hypothalamus

134
Q

Define thalamus

A

Main sensory relay for all senses (except smell) and the cortex

Nuclei: LGN, MGN

135
Q

Main sensory relay for all senses (except smell) and the cortex

This is known as?

136
Q

A set of nuclei involved in regulating the autonomic nervous system, controlling the pituitary gland

This is known as?

A

Hypothalamus

137
Q

Define hypothalamus

A

A set of nuclei involved in regulating the autonomic nervous system, controlling the pituitary gland

138
Q

Much of the endocrine system controlled by hormones are produced in ….?

A

The hypothalamus

139
Q

What is primarily concerned with the body and its regulation: fighting, feeding, fleeing, mating

a. Hypothalamus
d. Thalamus

A

a. Hypothalamus

140
Q

Define Mesencephalon

A

Comprised of the tectum and tegmentum

141
Q

Comprised of the tectum and tegmentum

What is this?

A

Mesencephalon

142
Q

What are the 2 main features of the Tectum?

A
  1. Superior colliculi – subcortical sensory pathway involved in fast eye movements (vision)
  2. Inferior colliculi - part of auditory pathway
143
Q

What are superior colliculi in the Tectum?

A

The subcortical sensory pathway involved in fast eye movements (vision)

144
Q

What are inferior colliculi in the Tectum?

A

Part of the auditory pathway

145
Q

Part of the auditory pathway

Is this..?
a. inferior colliculi
b. superior colliculi

A

a. inferior colliculi

146
Q

The subcortical sensory pathway involved in fast eye movements (vision)

Is this..?
a. inferior colliculi
b. superior colliculi

A

b. superior colliculi

147
Q

What are the 3 main features of the Tegmentum?

A
  1. reticular formation
  2. red nucleus
  3. substantia nigra
148
Q

What role does the Tegmentum play?

A

Motor movement

149
Q

Which section of the brain contains both the metencephalon and the myelencephalon?

150
Q

What does the Hindbrain contain? List 2 things

A

1) Metencephalon
2) Myelencephalon

151
Q

Define Metencephalon

A

A structure comprised:

1) cerebellum
2) pons

152
Q

A structure comprised of the cerebellum and the pons

This is known as?

A

Metencephalon

153
Q

Describe 2 features of the cerebellum

A

1) appears as a mini-brain
2) involved in motor coordination and smooth execution of movement

154
Q

1) appears as a mini-brain
2) involved in motor coordination and smooth execution of movement

These are 2 features of what part of the metencephalon?

A

Cerebellum

155
Q

Describe 3 features of the pons

A

1) part of the reticular formation
2) involved in sleep and arousal
3) link between cerebellum and cerebrum

156
Q

1) part of the reticular formation
2) involved in sleep and arousal
3) link between cerebellum and cerebrum

These are 3 features of what part of the metencephalon?

157
Q

What contains the medulla oblongata?

A

Myelencephalon

158
Q

Define Myelencephalon

A

Contains the medulla oblongata is involved in basic life functions, such as breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, sneezing heart rate and wake-sleep cycles.

159
Q

Contains the medulla oblongata is involved in basic life functions, such as breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, sneezing heart rate and wake-sleep cycles.

This is known as…?

A

Myelencephalon

160
Q

Define the spinal cord

A

CNS tissue extending caudally from the medulla in the brain

161
Q

CNS tissue extending caudally from the medulla in the brain

This is known as…?

A

The spinal cord

162
Q

What is the function of the spinal cord?

A

The spinal cord communicates with the sense organs and muscles below the level of the head

163
Q

The Primary Components of the Spinal Cord are…? List 2

A
  • Dorsal Roots
  • Ventral Roots
164
Q

What does the Bell-Magendie Law tell us about human motor and sensory functions?

A

The Bell-Magendie law showed that the motor and sensory functions are made possible by separate systems that can interact with each other

165
Q

According to the Bell-Magendie Law, is this afferent or efferent?

When dorsal roots carry sensory information to the CNS

166
Q

According to the Bell-Magendie Law, is this afferent or efferent?

When ventral roots carry motor information to the muscles and glands away from the CNS

167
Q

According to the Bell-Magendie Law, what does afferent mean?

A

When dorsal roots carry sensory information to the CNS

168
Q

According to the Bell-Magendie Law, what does efferent mean?

A

When ventral roots carry motor information to the muscles and glands away from the CNS

169
Q

Where is the Peripheral Nervous System located?

A

Outside of the skull and spine

170
Q

What is the purpose of PNS?

A

Brings information into the CNS and carries signals out of the CNS

171
Q

This nervous system contains somatic and automatic nervous systems

Is this the CNS or PNS?

172
Q

The PNS comprises of 2 different parts. What are they?

A

1) The somatic nervous system
2) The autonomic nervous systems

173
Q

The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the movement of skeletal muscles or transmits somatosensory information to the central nervous system

This is known as…?

A

The somatic nervous system

174
Q

Define the somatic nervous system

A

The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the movement of skeletal muscles or transmits somatosensory information to the central nervous system

175
Q

The portion of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s vegetative functions

This is known as…?

A

The autonomic nervous systems

176
Q

Define the autonomic nervous systems

A

The portion of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s vegetative functions

177
Q

What are the 2 nerves operating in the somatic nervous system?

A

1) Cranial nerves
2) Spinal nerves

178
Q

What are cranial nerves and spinal nerves involved in?

A

Processing sensory information and controlling voluntary movement

179
Q

In the somatic nervous system, what are afferent nerves?

A

Nerves toward the CNS carrying sensory information

180
Q

Nerves toward the CNS carrying sensory information

This is known as…?

A

Afferent nerves

181
Q

In the somatic nervous system, what are efferent nerves?

A

Nerves away from CNS conveying motor commands

182
Q

Nerves away from CNS conveying motor commands

This is known as…?

A

Efferent nerves

183
Q

What are cranial nerves and which nervous system are they part of?

A

Set of 12 motor and/or sensory nerves attached to the ventral surface of the brain

Sensory and motor functions of the head and neck

Which NS = PNS —–> Somatic NS

184
Q

Are efferent cranial nerves motor or sensory?

185
Q

Are afferent cranial nerves motor or sensory?

186
Q

Define spinal nerves

A

Peripheral nerves attached to the spinal cord

187
Q

Peripheral nerves attached to the spinal cord

What is this?

A

Spinal nerves

188
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

189
Q

Where do afferent and efferent spinal nerves travel to?

A

Travel to muscles and sensory receptors

190
Q

Which nervous system…

  • Controls the body’s vegetative functions
  • Regulation of smooth muscles, cardiac muscle and glands
  • Comprised of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
  • Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves generally have opposite effects
A

The Autonomic Nervous System

191
Q

Which nervous system controls the body’s vegetative functions?

A

The Autonomic Nervous System

192
Q

List 4 functions of The Autonomic Nervous System

A
  • Controls the body’s vegetative functions
  • Regulation of smooth muscles, cardiac muscle and glands
  • Comprised of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
  • Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves generally have opposite effects
193
Q

What are the 2 types of Autonomic Nervous System responses?

A

1) Sympathetic
2) Parasympathetic

194
Q

Which Autonomic Nervous system response is this?

“Fight or flight”
Arousal and preparing the body for the expenditure of energy

1) Sympathetic
2) Parasympathetic

A

1) Sympathetic

195
Q

Which Autonomic Nervous system response is this?

“Rest and restore” Relaxing the body

1) Sympathetic
2) Parasympathetic

A

2) Parasympathetic

196
Q

What is the sympathetic automatic nervous system response?

A

Fight or flight

197
Q

What is the parasympathetic automatic nervous system response?

A

Rest and restore

SEM 2 Brain & Behaviour (10 decks)

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