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Cultural Anthropology > Subsistence > Flashcards

Subsistence Flashcards

1
Q

Five Major Subsistence Strategies

A
  • Food Collecting
  • Horticulture
  • Pastoralism
  • Agriculture (intensive agriculture)
  • INdustrialization
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2
Q

Adaptation

A

Process organisms undergo to achieve a beneficial adjustment to an available enviornment and the result of that process

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3
Q

Cultural Ecology

A

The sutyd of interaction of specific human culture with their enviornment

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4
Q

Ecology

A

The sutyd of interactions of living organisms with one another and thier inorganic world

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5
Q

Ecosystem

A

A community of different species of plants and animals interacting with one another and the chemical and physical parts of thier enviornement

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6
Q

Biome

A

Regions that share physical characteristics and have similar communities of plants and animals

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7
Q

Culture type

A

The view of culture in therms of the realtion of its particular technology to the enviornemnt exploited by that technology

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8
Q

Environment and Technology

A
  • Food getting stragey will depend primarily on enviornment and technology
  • Relationship neither neat or tidy
  • Enviornment does not determine strategy, rather sets broad limits
  • More complex technologies gerater control ove rthe enviornment
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9
Q

Carrying Capacity

A

Theoretical limit to which a population may grow and maintain itself without deleterious effects on its enviornment

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10
Q

Optimal foraging theory

A

a theory that foragers lok for those species of plants and animasl that will maximize their caloric intake for the time spent hunting and gathering food

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11
Q

Convergent Evolution

A

In cultural evolution, the development of similar adaptations to similar enviornmental conditions by peoples whos ancestrals cultures were different

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12
Q

Parallel Evolution

A

In culturel evolution, the development of similar adaptations to similar enviornmental conditions by epoples whose ancestral cultures were similar

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13
Q

Culture Core

A

The features of a culture that play a part in matters relating to the societys way of making a living

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14
Q

Ethnoscientist

A

Anthropologist who seek to understand the principles behind native idea systems and ways those principles inform a people about their enviornment and help them survive. (Emic approach)

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15
Q

Who came up with the idea of Cultural Materialism

A

Marvin Harris

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16
Q

Cultural materialism

A

Anthropologist who seek to understand the principles behind native idea systems and ways those principles inofrm a people about their enviornment and help them survive

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17
Q

Components of universal pattern

A
  • Infrastructure
  • Structure
  • Superstructure
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18
Q

Infrastructure

A

Consists of the technologies and productive and reproductive activities that bears directerly on the provision of food and shelter, protection against illness, and the satisfaction of sexual and other basic human needs and drives

19
Q

Structure

A

Cultural materialistic term for eh social and political organizational components of human culture

20
Q

Superstructure

A

Cultural Materialist term of rhe “realm of values, beliefs, aesthetics, rules, symbols, rituals, religions, philosophies, and other forms of knowledge, including science itself

21
Q

Food collecting

A
  • collection and exploitation of wild plants and animals that already exist in the natural enviornment
  • 90% of human history we have been hunters and gathers
  • Change begain with the nolithic revolution
  • Only a few societies are existing today
  • Restricted to marginal habitats
  • Much cultural variation
22
Q

General chuaracteristics of FC societies

A
  • Low popultaion densities
  • nomadic or semi-nomadic
  • Basic social unit family or band
  • Occupy remote and marginally useful regions of the planet
  • Social, political, ecnomic institutions less complex
  • Wild plants provide greatest amount of food
23
Q

Density of Social Relations

A

Roughly, the number and inensity of interatcions amoung members of a camp or residential unit

24
Q

Ju/ Hoasnsi

A
  • totally dependent on HG
  • Strong division of labor
  • most important food item: Mongongo nut
  • Demgraphics not that different from industrialized socities
  • Almost never face starvation
  • RElatively low investments of energy (12- 19 hours per week)
25
Q

Netsilik Eskimos

A
  • Live in one of the most inhabitable regions of the world
  • LIve in delicate balance with the enviornenment
  • Number of strategies to deal with their enviornement
  • Under constatnt ecological pressure
26
Q

Food Producing Societies

A
  • Approximately 10Kya transition to food producing began
  • Known as Neolithic revolution
  • First in Mesopotamia (10 Mya)
  • Thailand (9Kya)
  • China (8kYa)
  • Sub-Saharan Africa ( 5Kya)
27
Q

Why did societies turn into Food-producing societies ?

A
  • Enironment: Varioation in rainfall and temperature
  • Demographics > Incrased population size, increased population pressure
28
Q

The Cultural changes in Food-producing Societies

A
  • increase in population size
  • Children become important economic resource
  • Societies become more sedentary
  • Greater Diversity of labor
  • Greater complexity in social, political, economic systems
29
Q

Four kinds of food-producing socieites?

A
  • Horticulture
  • Agriculture
  • Pastoralism
  • Industrialization
30
Q

Horticulture

A
  • Simplest form of farming
  • uses basci hand tools
  • Generally absent: Plows, animal power, irrigation, fertilizers
  • RElationviely low crop yields
  • Often practice mixed strategies
31
Q

Characteristics of Pastoralism

A
  • Generally found in regions unsuited for agriculture
  • Not a single unified food-getting strategy
  • Wide variation in ways animasl are herded
  • Pure pastorlism either rare or nonexistent
32
Q

Transhumance

A

Movement pattern of pastorlists in which some men move livestock seasonally while other members of thier group, including women and hcildren, stay in permant settlements

33
Q

Nomadism

A

A lifestyle involving the periodic movement of human populations in serach of food or pature for livestock

34
Q

Roles of livestock in pastoralist Societies

A
  • Food
  • Fuel
  • Tolls and atrifacts
  • Clothing
  • Building material
  • Antiseptic
  • Legitimizes marriages
  • compensation for wrongs
  • Sacrifices during important religious ceremonies
35
Q

Agriculture

A

A form of food production that requires intensive working of the land with plows and draft animals and the use of techniques of soil and water control

36
Q

Agriculture is

A
  • A more recent cultural phenomenon
  • More efficent than horticulture
  • Increased energy and technology increases carrying capacity
  • Higher population densities. Price greater investmet of labor and capital
37
Q

Terracing Characteristics

A
  • Higher productivity
  • More settled communities
  • More complex labo specialization
  • More social straification
  • Plitical and religious hierarchies
  • Permitted the development of states and Civilizations
38
Q

Peasantry

A

Rural proples, usually on the lowerst rung of the societys ladder, who provide urban inhabitants with farm products but have little access to wealth or political power

39
Q

Industrialzed food getting

A
  • Third Major revolution food-getting
  • First: Initial domestication
  • Second: Intensification (agriculture)
  • Third: Industrialization
40
Q

Effects of industrialization

A
  • increased productivity
  • increased commercialization
  • Centralization of farms (agri-businesses)
41
Q

Enviornmental Problems with FG Industrialization

A
  • Lower water tables
  • ecological changes of nearby water
  • destruction of water fauna
  • pollution of aquifers
  • Salinization of soil
  • Air Pollution
42
Q
A
43
Q
A

Cultural Anthropology (12 decks)

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