Subject 3 - Animal Magnetism

Question 1

Why should clinical psychologists know about hypnosis?

Answer 1

• to understand hypnoïdal phenomena (ex. dissociation)
• enhances efficacy of treatments
• reduces surgical costs
• dispel myths about hypnosis
• become aware of how clinician is a source of suggestion (the therapist influences the therapy)
• to know its field of applications to make referrals

Question 2

What is amamnesis?

Answer 2

The lack of amnesia

- this means to take the life history of the person

Question 3

What is a more specific way of thinking about induction?

Answer 3

It is the verbatim for inducting hypnosis

- ex. close your eyes, think of a relaxing place, let your limbs become relaxed…

Question 4

What is an ideo-motor suggestion?

Answer 4

An idea triggers a motor movement

Question 5

What is an ideo-cognitive suggestion?

Answer 5

The idea triggers a thought or memory

Question 6

What is an ideo-emotive suggestion?

Answer 6

The suggestion triggers an emotion

Question 7

Describe the clinical hypnosis session (step by step)

Answer 7

1. pre-hypnosis interview (like a medical screening)
2. induction
3. deepening (transitioning; this makes the patient more receptive)
4. work and therapeutic sessions
5. post- hypnotic suggestion and dehypnotization
6. post-hypnotic interview (to assess subjective beliefs)

Question 8

Describe in more detail the pre-hypnosis interview.

Answer 8

• find out if the person is imaginative, do they daydream, etc
• ask them what helps them relax and put them in that place (the clinician can’t decide this)
• have they been hypnotized before?
  
  • yes - was it successful?
    - yes
    - no (why?)
  • no - beliefs and expectations?

Question 9

What does the induction process help the clinician to assess?

Answer 9

What the responsiveness of the patient is

- induction uses ideo-motor suggestions

Question 10

What does deepening serve to accomplish?

Answer 10

Increase receptivity

Question 11

How long does the clinical hypnosis session take?

Answer 11

From induction to dehypnosis = 20 mins

Question 12

What are some myths about hypnosis?

Answer 12

• hypnosis isn’t harmful (a medical screening needs to take place before hypnosis in case the cause of the symptom is something malignant)
• you can become stuck
• hypnosis is a truth serum
• hypnosis can retrieve lost memories (if it was in a highly stressful situation, anxiety can block the formation of memories)
• once you are hypnotized, you cannot resist

Question 13

What is a post-hypnotic suggestion?

Answer 13

A suggestion which is made while the person is hypnotized but which will be carried out after they awake from hypnosis

Question 14

What sort of related observations are sometimes made during induction?

Answer 14

a sense of compulsion, unusual experiences (such as alterations in body image, sense of time, dissociative experiences) and diminished reflective awareness

Question 15

What are hypnotic phenomena?

Answer 15

Behaviour, cognitive and experiential alterations that emerge because of or are enhanced by induction

Question 16

What is primary suggestibility?

Answer 16

A meaningful communication aimed at producing a non-voluntary response that would not take place otherwise

Question 17

What is secondary suggestibility?

Answer 17

A subtle influence in which the person is unaware that they are being suggested to (like inception)

Question 18

Which kinds of problems is hypnosis effective at treating?

Answer 18

• PTSD
• anxiety
• insomnia
• pain
• asthma
• IBS
• post-chemotherapy nausea
• preparation for childbirth

Question 19

What kinds of symptoms seem to be treated more effectively with hypnosis?

Answer 19

All symptoms that have an involuntary aspect (such as emotional disturbances and sleep); things that are done willingly (such as smoking) are outside of the realm of treatment for hypnosis

Question 20

What is the link between pleasure and responsiveness to hypnosis?

Answer 20

All symptoms which are pleasurable do not tend to respond to hypnosis

Question 21

Are psychosomatic illnesses responsive to hypnosis?

Answer 21

Yes; by alleviating stress, the symptoms can be diminished

Question 22

Who is more likely to see a greater symptom reduction - highly hypnotizable people or low hypnotizable people?

Answer 22

High hypnotizable people

Question 23

What are the effects of hypnosis triggered by?

Answer 23

Beliefs and expectations

Question 24

Are hypnotizability effects linked to hypnosis?

Answer 24

No, these are individual abilities

Question 25

Can highly hypnotizable people, in some way, cause some of their symptoms?

Answer 25

Yes (ex. people who suffer from DID are all highly hypnotizable)

Question 26

Are hypnotized patients passive?

Answer 26

No

Question 27

What are some types of clinical suggestions?

Answer 27

1. direct
2. dialogue-based suggestions
3. indirect

Question 28

Describe direct suggestions.

Answer 28

• only the hypnotist talks
• can be either
  a) problem focused (addresses problem directly, is best for highly hypnotizable people)
  or
  b) fantasy-focused (addresses problem directly through a guided fantasy, using the problem as a metaphor, such as using a fruit to make the migrane smaller)
• all direct suggestions involve the use of images

Question 29

Describe dialogue based suggestion.

Answer 29

• make the client talk about a specific situation

- suggests a restructuring of a narrative (like CBT)

Question 30

What is the hypnotic dream?

Answer 30

A suggestion to dream

Question 31

What is restructuration?

Answer 31

Provide alternatives to the narrative

Question 32

Describe indirect suggestions.

Answer 32

• all indirect suggestions involve the use of imagery and fantasy
• does not address problem directly but instead directs attention to positive things (can treat stuttering)
• uses storytelling to illustrate a specific point (such as using an analogy)
• best used for children and low hypnotizable people

Question 33

What is a functional disorder?

Answer 33

When the function of a structure is disturbed

Question 34

What is a structural disorder?

Answer 34

When the structure of a system is disturbed