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physiology > subdivisions of the Nervous System > Flashcards

subdivisions of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

5 major areas of the CNS

A
  • telencephalon
  • cerebellum
  • diencephalon
  • brainstem
  • spinal cord
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2
Q

3 parts of the brainstem

A
  • midbrain
  • pons
  • medulla
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3
Q

where is the cerebral cortex situated

A

telencephalon

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4
Q

corpus callosum

A

interconnects two cerebral hemispheres

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5
Q

where are the basal ganglia situated

A

telencephalon

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6
Q

function of basal ganglia (group of subcortical nuclei)

A

involved in motor control

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7
Q

4 parts of basal ganglia

A
  • striatum
  • globus pallidus
  • amygdala
  • hippocampal formation
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8
Q

function of amygdala

A

participates in the expression of emotion

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9
Q

function of hippocampal formation

A

formation of new memories

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10
Q

3 parts of the cerebellum

A
  • vestibulocerebellum (archicerebellum)
  • spinocerebellum (paleocerebellum)
  • cerebrocerebellum (neocerebellum)
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11
Q

function of vestibulocerebellum

A

maintain the body’s balance

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12
Q

function of spinocerebellum

A

regulate muscle tone

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13
Q

function of cerebrocerebellum

A

coordinate motor behavior

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14
Q

what does is mean when output reaches the contralateral motor cortex

A

it reaches the opposite side of the body

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15
Q

3 parts of the diencephalon

A
  • thalamus
  • subthalamus
  • hypothalamus
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16
Q

what is the thalamus the main integrating station for

A

sensory information

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17
Q

which two functions also reside in the thalamus

A
  • control of arousal

- memory function

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18
Q

what does the thalamus receive along with the subthalamus

A

projections from the basal ganglia that are important for motor function

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19
Q

which disease can someone devellop when there’s no normal motor control

A

Parkinson disease

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20
Q

what does the hypothalamus affect

A

the ANS

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21
Q

which 2 types of hormones does the hypothalamus synthesize (it acts as part of the endocrine system)

A
  • certain hormones that are transported down their axons to the posterior pituitary gland
    (e. g. vasopressin, oxytocin)
  • releasing hormones (e.g. gonadotropin-releasing hormone) that are released into a portal
    system that carries them to cells in the anterior pituitary
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22
Q

4 important elements in which the hypothalamus plays an important role

A
  • hunger
  • thirst
  • body temperature
  • cardiovascular system
23
Q

what are the nerves called through which the brainstem sends motor signals

A

cranial nerves

24
Q

reticular formation

A

a set of interconnected nuclei that are located throughout the brainstem

25
Q

what does the reticular formation affect

A

the level of consciousness or arousal

26
Q

main controls of midbrain

A
  • eye movement (CN III, CN IV)

- relaying signals related to hearing and vision

27
Q

5 functions of pons

A
  • mastication (CN V)
  • eye movement (CN VI)
  • facial muscles (CN VII)
  • sensory information from face, scalp, mouth and nose (CN V)
  • processing info related to hearing and equilibrium (CN VIII)
28
Q

which muscles do the somatic motor neurons of the medulla innervate

A
  • muscles of the neck (CN XI)

- muscles of the tongue (CN XII)

29
Q

what 4 elements does the medulla control along with the pons (CN IX , X)

A
  • blood pressure
  • heart rate
  • respiration
  • digestion
30
Q

of how many segments that each have a motor and sensory nerve root does the spinal cord consist

A

31 elements

31
Q

from which 3 elements does sensory information enter the spinal cord

A
  • skin
  • muscle
  • visceral organs
32
Q

dorsal roots

A

fascicles of axons through which sensory information enters the spinal cord

33
Q

where do the cells bodies of dorsal root axons have their origin

A

spinal ganglia

34
Q

do ventral roots contain stricly efferent or afferent fibers?

A

efferent

35
Q

3 types of interactions from incoming sensory fibers when they enter the spinal cord

A
  • segmental reflex
    (synapse directly on motor neurons in that same segment)
  • intersegmental reflex
    (synapse with neurons in other spinal segments)
  • suprasegmental reflex
    (travel rostrally to brainstem before they synapse)
36
Q

ascending tracts

A

sensory info,

37
Q

descending tracts

A

motor info

38
Q

most important descending tract

A

lateral corticospinal tract (almost all cell bodies have contralateral cerebral cortex as origin)

39
Q

which 2 divisions does the PNS have

A
  • somatic (deals with body’s external environment)

- autonomic (deals with body’s internal environment)

40
Q

2 elements somatic division of PNS

A
  • sensory neurons and axons that innervate skin, joints and muscle
  • motor axons that innervate skeletal muscle
41
Q

autonomic portion of PNS

A

consists of motor and sensory axons that innervate smooth muscle, exocrine glands and other viscera

42
Q

4 main purposes of PNS

A
  • transduce physical/chemical stimuli into raw information through receptors
  • convey sensory information to CNS along axon pathways
  • convey motor signals from CNS along axon pathways to target organs
  • convert motor signals to chemical signals
43
Q

peripheral nerves

A

bundles of organized axons in the PNS

44
Q

endoneurium

A

loose connective tissue that surrounds individual axons

45
Q

perineurium

A

connective tissue that covers fascicles

46
Q

fascicle

A

small groups of bundled axons

47
Q

epineurium

A

matrix of connective tissue that surrounds fascicles

48
Q

nerve plexus

A

branching network of intersecting nerves

49
Q

dermatome

A

area of skin in which sensory nerves derive from a single dorsal root and its ganglion

50
Q

why does severing a single dorsal root not produce anesthesia in that dermatome

A

there’s an overlap between the cutaneous innervation provided by adjacent dorsal roots

51
Q

which root will produce anesthesia if severed

A

C2 root (back of the head)

52
Q

3 divisions of the ANS

A
  • sympathetic
  • parasympathetic
  • enteric
53
Q

where does the enteric division of the ANS lie

A

PNS

54
Q

what do the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS innervate

A

most visceral organs (they have a yin-yang functional relationship)

physiology (4 decks)

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