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physiology > organization of the nervous system > Flashcards

organization of the nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

3 subdivisions of the nervous system

A
  • central
  • peripheral
  • autonomic
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2
Q

2 parts of CNS

A
  • brain

- spinal cord

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3
Q

3 meninges of CNS

A
  • dura mater (outer membrane)
  • arachnoid (middle membrane)
  • pia mater (inner membrane)
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4
Q

nuclei

A

aggregations of neurons that share similar functions

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5
Q

gray matter

A

contains neuron cell bodies

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6
Q

white matter

A

rich in myelin

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7
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

those parts of the nervous system that lie outside the dura mater

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8
Q

afferent nerves

A

sensory nerves that carry messages from the periphery to the CNS

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9
Q

efferent nerves

A

peripheral motor nerves that carry messages from the CNS to peripheral tissues

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10
Q

peripheral ganglia

A

groups of nerve cells concentrated into small knots or clumps that are located outside the CNS

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11
Q

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

portion of the nervous system that regulates and controls visceral functions

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12
Q

2 parts of nervous tissue

A
  • neurons

- neuroglial cells (glia)

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13
Q

purpose of neurons

A

electrical communication

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14
Q

what did the neuron doctrine say

A

neurons are entirely separate from one another, even though their processes come into very close contact

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15
Q

4 domains of structure of a neuron

A
  • cell body (soma, perikaryon)
  • dendrites
  • axon
  • presynaptic terminals
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16
Q

3 fibrillary structures of the cytoskeleton

A
  • neurofilaments
  • microtubules
  • thin filaments
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17
Q

cell body

A

the portion of the cell surrounding the nucleus

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18
Q

function of dendrites

A 
receiving information
(their membranes are endowed with receptors that bind and respond to the neurotransmitters released by neighbouring cells)
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19
Q

axon hillock

A

point of origin of axon

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20
Q

initial segment (spike initiation zone)

A

distal to hillock, untapered, unmyelinated region

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21
Q

axoplasm

A

cytoplasm of the axon, packed with parallel arrays of microtubules and neurofilaments

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22
Q

function of axons

A

message-sending

23
Q

myelin

A

coiled cell membranes of glial cells

24
Q

continuous propagation

A

way of traveling of action potential if axon is not covered with myelin

25
Q

saltatory conduction

A

way of traveling of action potential if axon is myelinated

26
Q

node of Ranvier

A

space between adjacent myelin segments

27
Q

function of presynaptic terminals

A

rapid conversion of the neuron’s electrical signal into a chemical signal

28
Q

synaptic transmission

A

release of chemical signaling molecules when the action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal

29
Q

chemical synapse

A

junction formed between the presynaptic terminal and its target

30
Q

3 parts of synapse

A
  • presynaptic terminal
  • postsynaptic membrane
  • synaptic cleft
31
Q

dendritic spine

A

small membranous protrusion from a neuron’s dendrite

32
Q

what’s MAPs the abbreviation for?

A

microtubule-associated proteins

33
Q

2 major classes of MAPs

A
  • high-molecular-weight protein (MAP-1, MAP-2)

- lower-molecular-weight tau proteins

34
Q

neurofibrilarry tangles

A

abnormal accumulations of a protein called tau that collect inside neurons
caused by hyperphosphorylated tau proteins

35
Q

orientation of microtubules in axons

A

with plus ends pointed away from the cell body

36
Q

anterograde direction

A

mechanism for moving material to the presynaptic terminals

to + end

37
Q

retrogade direction

A

moving material from the presynaptic terminals

to - end

38
Q

3 ways of axoplasmic transport

A
  • fast anterograde
  • fast retrograde
  • slow anterograde
39
Q

direction in which kinesin moves

A

toward the plus end of microtubules (away from the cell body)

40
Q

how does anterograde movement work

A
  • proteins synthesized in the ‘secretory pathway’ are packaged by budding off in the
    membrane-enclosed vesicles from the Golgi
  • the vesicles and mitochondria are carried down the axon on microtubule ‘tracks’ by
    kinesin motors that are energized by ATP
41
Q

synonym for MAP-1C (used in retrograde movement)

A

brain dynein

42
Q

kinesin

A

microtubule-dependent motor protein (used in anterograde movement)

43
Q

consequence of loss of ATP production in axons

A

failure of axonal transport in both the anterograde and retrograde directions

44
Q

2 types of neurons based on axonal projection

A
  • projection neuron (principal neurons, golgi type I cells)
    (connect with other parts of the nervous system)
  • interneurons (intrinsic neurons, golgi type II cells)
    (all processes confined to one region of the brain)
45
Q

2 types of neuron based on dendritic geometry

A
  • pyramidal cells (spiny)

- stellate cells (spiny or aspiny)

46
Q

3 types of neurons based on number of processes

A
  • unipolar (dorsal root ganglion cell)
  • bipolar (retinal bipolar cell)
  • multipolar
47
Q

what 3 elements do glial cells lack

A
  • axons
  • action potentials
  • synaptic potentials
48
Q

3 main types of CNS glial cells

A
  • oligodendrocytes
  • astrocytes
  • microglial cells
49
Q

3 main types of glial cells in PNS

A
  • satellite cells
  • Schwann cells
  • enteric glial cells
50
Q

what do oligodendrocytes form

A

the myelin sheaths of CNS axons

51
Q

function of Schwann cells

A

to myelinate peripheral nerves

52
Q

2 types of neurons based on direction

A
  • afferent (sensory)

- efferent (motor)

53
Q

2 types of neurons based on the anatomical distribution of the information flow

A
  • visceral

- somatic

54
Q

2 types of neurons based on the information flow on the basis of the embryological origin of the structure being innervated

A
  • special (for example: from the branchial arch region of the embryo)
  • general

physiology (4 decks)

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