SU6 - Thinking and Intelligence Flashcards
What is Thinking?
Piecing bits of perceived details together to form mental representations.
Name 3 concepts of mental categories.
- Natural
- Artificial
- Prototype
Natural Concepts are built on ____ ?
Everyday experiences.
Bird = Sparrow, Eagles, Penguins (even though penguins can’t fly).
Artificial Concepts are built on ____ ?
Rules and definitions.
Triangle = 3 sided, internal angles add up to 180deg.
Prototype is a ____ of a concept.
Generic Representation
Dog = Golden Retriever. Because fits most common image of dog.
Intuition are not always right because
Prejudice, Biases
Statistical/numerical Judgements
Intuition can be effective when
- Judging character of a person
- Time-critical situations (Fire escape)
Cognitive map is a ____ of layout of an environment.
Mental Representation
____ are general mental framework.
Schemas
____ are event based schemas.
Scripts
Attributes of a good problem solver.
E-K-A
- Efficiently identify problem
- Knowledgeable of many effective strategies
- Aware of common pitfalls to avoid
What are the two steps to solve problem?
- Identify the problem
- Select strategy
How to identify the problem?
- Use mental representation
- Situational details
- Background knowledge
How to select strategies?
- Apply algorithms
- Use heuristics
Heuristics are general strategies used to simplify problems, may or may not lead to solutions.
What are the two obstacles to problem solving?
- Mental Set
- Functional Fixedness
The tendency to respond to new problem the same way as the previous problem is ____.
Mental Set
Inability to perceive new use of an existing known object is ___.
Funtional Fixedness
Biasness causes ____.
Poor Judgements
I believe running helps slimming! But running may not be for everyone. This is what bias?
Confirmation Bias
I knew it all along! This is what bias?
Hindsight Bias
$10k selling discounted at $5k. When $5k is still expensive. This is what bias?
Anchoring Bias
Guy with spects = must be librarian, and not salesman. This is what bias?
Representativeness Bias
After reading news on plane crashes, we perceive that plane rides are dangerous, despite car ride having higher accident rate. This is what bias?
Availability Bias
Experts are ____ in a particular field.
Highly Proficient
Someone who is good at deriving novel solutions are deem to be a ____.
Creative Person
5 Attibutes of a creative person.
- Independent
- Strong interest in problem
- Eager to restructure/change perspective
- Prefers complexity but seeks simplicity
- Seeks out stimulating interaction
Trying various solutions until one works. What problem solving strategy?
Trial and Error
A step-by-step procedure that guarantees a solution if followed correctly. What problem solving strategy?
Algorithms
Mental shortcuts or “rules of thumb” to simplify problem-solving. What problem solving strategy?
Heuristics
Starting from the desired outcome and figuring out the steps to reach it. What problem solving strategy?
Working Backwards
Breaking down the problem into smaller parts and solving them step-by-step. What problem solving strategy?
Means-End Analysis
Sudden realization of the solution. What problem solving strategy?
Insight (AHA Moment)
Generating multiple possible solutions or ideas. What problem solving strategy?
Divergent Thinking
Narrowing down multiple solutions to focus on the best one. What problem solving strategy?
Convergent Thinking
Trying multiple solutions methodically in a structured manner. What problem solving strategy?
Systematic Search
Approaching problems in unconventional ways. What problem solving strategy?
Creativity and Lateral Thinking
Identifying patterns from past experiences or similar problems. What problem solving strategy?
Pattern Recognition
What is intelligience?
Mental capacity to reason, accquire knowledge, and solve problems.
What test measures mental age to identify child needing extra help? Compares child’s intellectual ability to chronological age.
Binet-Simon Test
What test compare IQ=(mental age/chronological age) x 100?
Stanford-Binet IQ Scale
What test measures IQ, focus on verbal and non-verbal skills? The overall IQ scored for verbal & performance skills.
Wechsler Test
What test measures IQ using a bell curve?
Normally Distributed IQ
Name 2 theories of intelligence.
- Psychometric
- Cognitive
What does psychometric theories focuses on
Developing Test and Quatifiable Scores
What does cognitive theories focuses on?
The mental process.
G-Factor is the ____ affecting all cognitive tasks.
General Intelligence
Knowledge and skills built up over time, increases with age. This is what intelligence?
Crystallised Intelligence
Ability to solve new, unfamiliar problems, decreases with age. This is what intelligence?
Fluid Intelligence
Name 2 cognitive theories.
- Triarchic Theory
- Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences
What are the 3 parts to Triarchic Theory?
- Analytical (Problem Solving)
- Creative (Innovative Thinking)
- Practical (Real World Application)
What are the 8 types of intelligence?
- Linguistic – sensitivity to spoken/written language (e.g., writers, lawyers)
- Logical-Mathematical – ability to analyze problems logically (e.g., scientists, engineers)
- Spatial – ability to visualize and manipulate space (e.g., architects, designers)
- Bodily-Kinesthetic – control over body movement (e.g., athletes, builders)
- Musical – skill in rhythm, tone, and sound (e.g., composers, musicians)
- Interpersonal – understanding others (e.g., teachers, therapists, leaders)
- Intrapersonal – self-awareness and reflection (e.g., philosophers, psychologists)
- Naturalistic – understanding nature and the environment (e.g., biologists, farmers)
The overall cognitive ability to learn, think and reason is the definition of ____.
Intelligence
The natural ability/potential to excel in specific areas is also known as ___ .
Aptitude
What is used to describe having too many options can lead to confusion, dissactifaction and stress?
Tyranny of Choice
How to counter Tyranny of Choice?
Simplify or limit options.
