SU1 - Psychology Fundamentals Flashcards
What does the Biological Perspective focus on?
The physical bases of behavior.
Examples include brain, genetics, and hormones.
What is the focus of the Cognitive Perspective?
Mental processes.
Examples include memory, thinking, and problem-solving.
What does the Behavioral Perspective emphasize?
Learned behaviors.
Examples include conditioning and observation.
What does the Whole-Person Perspective consider?
The whole individual.
Includes Humanistic and Psychodynamic perspectives.
What is the focus of the Developmental Perspective?
Changes across the lifespan.
Examples include childhood, adolescence, and adulthood.
What does the Sociocultural Perspective examine?
Social and cultural influences.
Examples include culture and social norms.
4 Steps in research
- Formulate hypothesis
- Collect evidence
- Analayse data
- Draw conclusion
What are qualitative questions?
Qualitative questions explore subjective experiences, opinions, and meanings.
They aim to understand the ‘why’ and ‘how’ behind things.
Give some examples of qualitative questions.
- How do you feel about your experience using this product?
- Why do you prefer this brand over others?
- Describe your experience with online learning.
What are quantitative questions?
Quantitative questions seek to measure and quantify things.
They deal with numbers and objective data.
Give some examples of quantitative questions.
- How many hours per day do you spend on social media?
- On a scale of 1 to 10, how satisfied are you with this service?
- What is your age?
What is expectancy bias?
Observing only what you expect to observe
Expectancy bias can lead to skewed results in research and experiments.
Define confirmation bias.
Focusing on confirming your hypothesis instead of objectively challenging it
Confirmation bias can result in overlooking evidence that contradicts one’s beliefs.
What is a double-blind study?
Both researchers and participants are unaware of who is receiving the treatment
This design helps eliminate bias in clinical trials.
What is a placebo?
Fake treatment known to have no real impact
Placebos are often used in clinical trials to assess the effectiveness of new treatments.
Data collection must be __, __, __
Valid, Reliable, Ethical
Experiments: Explanation & Purpose
Manipulates Independent Variable to observe effect on Dependant Variable. Establishes cause-and-effect.
Experiments: Pros & Cons
Pros: High control, causation.
Cons: Low ecological validity, ethical concerns.
Correlational Studies: Explanation & Purpose
Examines relationships between variables.
Determines strength and direction of relationship.
Correlational Studies: Pros & Cons
Pros: Identifies relationships, useful for predictions.
Cons: Cannot establish causation, third-variable problem.
Surveys: Explanation & Purpose
Collects data through questionnaires or interviews.
Gathers information about attitudes, beliefs, behaviors.
Surveys: Pros & Cons
Pros: Large samples, efficient, inexpensive.
Cons: Self-report bias, low response rates, question wording influence.
Naturalistic Observations: Explanation & Purpose
Observes behavior in natural setting. Studies behavior as it naturally occurs.
Naturalistic Observations: Pros & Cons
Pros: High ecological validity, real-world insights.
Cons: Lack of control, observer bias, ethical concerns.
Case Studies: Explanation & Purpose
In-depth investigation of a single individual or group.
Gathers extensive data.
Case Studies: Pros & Cons
Pros: Rich insights, generates hypotheses.
Cons: Limited generalizability, researcher bias.
