Stuttering Flashcards
stammered speech is a ? of speech rather than an impairment
variation
stuttering definition
involuntary blocks in speech, repetitions, prolongations, a feeling of loss of control, avoidance, and facial/body movements
what factors affect stuttering onset
- genetics
- neurology
- physiology
- environmental factors
- individual temperament
hallmarks of stuttering
- variability
- feeling of loss of control
covert stuttering definition
when PWS obscures a stutter by avoiding words, situations, and conversations
covert stuttering symptoms
- shame
- guilt
- painful headaches
- stomach ulcers
acquired stuttering definition
stuttering acquired from neurological conditions (ex: stroke, TBI)
most common cause of acquired stuttering
brain lesions
neurogenic stuttering definition
stuttering caused or exacerbated by neurological disease/damage
what is developmental stuttering commonly mistaken for
neurogenic stuttering
people with neurogenic stuttering typically present with
- aphasia
- dysarthria
- word-finding difficulties
psychogenic stuttering definition
late onset involuntary dysfluency following a psychological problem/emotional trauma
cluttering definition
fluency disorder characterized by overly rapid, slow, or jerky speech patterns that compromise intelligibility and poor self-monitoring
is cluttering a motor speech disorder or language disorder
not sure
4 key characteristics of cluttering
- rapid/irregular articulatory rate
- reduced intelligibility
- frequency/type of dysfluencies
- indistinct/abbreviation of articulation
cluttering rapid and/or irregular speech rate must accompanied by one or more of:
- excessive collapsing or deletion of syllables
- excessive normal dysfluencies
- abnormal pauses, syllable stress, or speech rhythm
temperament definition
congenital and stable construct that does not change throughout life
personality definition
result of interaction between stable temperament and environmental influences
awareness of stuttering was observed in ?% of children
56.7%
impact of adolescent stuttering
- negative attitudes
- apprehension towards communication
- lowered communication competency
- percieved communication difficulties
CWS advantages
expressive language skills average or above average
CWRS advantages
- higher articulation scores
- higher non-word repetition abilities
atypical timing of sensorimotor network interaction is associated with ?
developmental stuttering origin
why is stutter onset typically between 2-5 years old
increased linguistic input and demand
anatomical difference hypothesis
antomical increases in right hemisphere speech-related areas AWS may be due to compensatory mechanisms
importance of anatomical difference hypothesis
atypical neural functioning present in CWS near onset with changes in right hemispheres over activations and cortical activity lateralized to left hemisphere
anatomical differences between AWS and AWNS
- hypoactivity in language processing areas
- hyperactivity in motor function areas
- secondary auditory areas that should be activated during speech production are not
- white matter integrity differences
- bigger corpus callosum
- connectivity differences between auditory and speech motor areas)
diagnostic theory theorist
Wendell Johnson
diagnostic theory
- parents overreact and mislabel normal non-fluency as stuttering
- “Stuttering is created in the ear of the listener”
cerebral dominance theory of stuttering theory
Orton and Travis
cerebral dominance theory of stuttering
- the nervous system of PWS not matured enough for left hemisphere dominance (lack of dominant hemisphere)
- research focused on investigating the handedness of PWS
covert repair hypothesis theorist
Kolk and Postman
covert repair hypothesis
when detecting errors in our planned speech, there are breaks in phonetic sequence and fluency
demands and capacities model theorist
Starkweather
demands and capacities model
when speech demands exceed the speaker’s capacities, fluency breaks down
(t/f) planum temporale symmetry is unrelated to stuttering severity
true
is there a difference in corpus callosum size in AWS
yes, increased
in there a difference in corpus callosum size in CWS, CWNS, and those that recover
no
is rhyme effect over both cerebral hemispheres seen in CWS or CWNS
- CWNS
- missing in CWS
theories
- diagnostic theory
- cerebral dominance theory of stuttering
- covert repair hypothesis
- demands and capacities model
diagnostic theory founder
Wendell Johnson
diagnostic theory
- parents overreact and mislabel normal non-fluency as stuttering
- “stuttering is created in the ear of the listener”
cerebral dominance theory of stuttering founder
orton and travis
cerebral dominance theory of stuttering
- the nervous system of PWS not matured enough
- lack of dominant hemisphere
- research focused on investigating the handedness of PWS
covert repair hypothesis founder
kolk and postma
covert repair hypothesis
- detecting errors in planned speech interrupts phonetic sequence
- fluency breaks occur
demands and capacities model founder
starkweather
demands and capacities model
when speech demands exceed the speaker’s capacities, fluency breaks down
is planum temporale related or unrelated to stuttering severity
unrelated
