Speech Sound Disorders Flashcards
fronting
/k/ -> [t]
subtypes of phonological processes
- systematic
- assimilation
- syllable structure
types of systematicsubstitution processes
- backing
- fronting
- gliding
- stopping
- vowelization
- affrication
- deaffrication
- alveolarization
- depalatalization
- labialization
types of assimilation
- assimilation
- denasalization
- final consonant devoicing
- prevocalic devoicing
- coalescence
- reduplication
types of syllable structure
- cluster reduction
- final consonant deletion
- initial consonant deletion
- weak syllable deletion
- epenthesis
backing (definition and example)
- when alveolar sounds (t, d) are substituted with velar sounds (k, g)
- “dog” to “gog”
fronting (definition and example)
- when velar sounds (k, g) are substituted for (t, d)
- “cookie” to “tootie”
gliding (definition and example)
- /r/ becomes /w/ and/or /l/ becomes /w, j/
- “rabbit” to “wabbit”
stopping (definition and example)
- when a fricative (f, s) or affricate (ch) is substituted for a stop (p, d)
- “fan” to “pan”
vowelization (definition and example)
- /l/ or /er/ are replaced with a vowel
- “paper” to “papeh”
affrication (definition and example)
- when a nonaffricate is replaced with an affricate (ch)
- “door” to “choor”
deaffrication (definition and example)
- when an affricate (ch) is replaced with a fricative or stop (sh, d)
- “chips” to “ships”
alveolarization (definition and example)
- when a nonalveolar sound is substituted with an alveolar one
- “shoe” to “tu”
depalatalization (definition and example)
- when a palatal sound is substituted with a nonpalatal sound
- “fish” to “fit”
labialization (definition and example)
- when a nonlabial sound is replaced with a labial sound
- “tie” to “pie”
assimilation (definition and example)
- when a consonant sound starts to sound like another sound in the word
- “bus” to “bub”
denasalization (definition and example)
- when a nasal consonant (m, n) changes to a nonnasal consonant (b, d)
- “nose” to “dose”
final consonant devoicing (definition and example)
- when a voiced consonant at the end of a word (b, d) is substituted with a voiceless consonant (p, t)
- “komb” to “gomb”
coalescence (definition and example)
- when two phonemes are substituted with a different phoneme with similar features
- “spoon” to “foon”
reduplication (definition and example)
- when a complete or incomplete syllable is repeated
- “bottle” to “baba”
cluster reduction (definition and example)
- when a consonant cluster is reduced to a single consonant
- “plane” to “pane”
final consonant deletion (definition and example)
- when the final consonant in a word is left off
- “toad” to “toe”
initial consonant deletion (definition and example)
- when the initial consonant in a word is left off
- “bunny” to “unny”
weak syllable deletion (definition and example)
- when the weak syllable in a word is deleted
- “banana” to “nana”
epenthesis (definition and example)
- when a sound (usually a schwa) is added between two consonants
- “blue” to “buh-lue”
3 constructs to describe children’s speech acquisition
- early, middle, late-8
- percentage of consonants correct (PCC)
- age of acquistion
early, middle, late-8 is based on …
clustering in a rank-ordered sequence of percent correct consonants
early-8 consonants
/p, b, j, n, w, d, m, h/
middle-8 consonants
/t, η, k, g, f, v, t∫, dʒ/
late-8 consonants
/∫, s, θ, δ, r, z, ʒ, l/
are the early, middle, or late-8 consonants usually the problem ones?
early
how are percentage of consonants correct (PCC) calculated
divide the number of consonants produced correctly by the total number of consonants in a connected speech sample
developmental SSD commonly co-occurs with ?
- developmental language disorder (DLD)
- reading or spelling disability
- stuttering
what is the only assessment for SSD standardized for Irish children?
DEAP
atypical error patterns
- backing
- affrication
- initial consonant deletion
- medial consonant deletion
- intrusive consonants
- denasalization
- favored sound
medial consonant deletion (definition and example)
- deletion of glottalization of intervocalic consonants
- “feather” to “feher”
favored sound (definition and example)
- replacement of groups of consonants by a favorite sound
- all initial consonants marked by [d]
what causes SSD
- multi-factorial
- risk factors (predisposing, precipitating, and perpetuating factors)
predisposing factors for SSD
- sensory (hearing and vision problems)
- neurological (motor planning and execution, structural)
- cognitive/linguistic (stuttering, DLD, linguistic processing)
- social (emotional, less sociable, less persistent, more reactice)
- low SES/maternal education
- structural (craniofacial abnormalities)
- gender (male)
- genetic (family history)
time frame to consider precipitating factors for SSD
6 months
precipitating factors for SSD
- hearing loss, ear infections
- general health
- environmental stressors
- opportunities and reinforcement
- trauma
- sucking habits
does pacifier use affect development of speech
- majority of speech outcomes are not significantly associated
- there is an association between increased atypical errors in younger children and greater frequency of daytime pacifier use
- *frequency of daytime use seems relevant, not the duration or night-time use
perpetuating factors of SSD
- static background set (sensory, motor, cognitive, social)
- potential advantage implicit
- reinforcement from context
- failure to initiate change
case history purpose
identification of risk factors (predisposing, precipitating, perpetuating)
speech assessment purpose
identification of cause (input, representational, learning, motoric, structural, output)
SSD classification systems
- stage of development
- surface speech characteristics
- aetiology/cause
- underlying speech processing
Grunwell (1981) stages of development (pros and cons)
- pros: adequately shows relationship of child’s pronunciation patterns to those used in adult pronunciations
- cons: doesn’t mention potential causes or risk factors
Shriberg et al. (2010) (pros and cons)
- pros: shows normal speech, speech delay, speech errors, and motor speech disorders
- pros: shows risk factors that might come up in a case history
- cons: no mention of certain ICF sections (activity, participation, etc.)
Stackhouse & Wells (1997) psycholinguistic model (pros and cons)
- pros: shows where breakdown might happen
- pros: shows which properties are connected
- cons: shows no risk factors or cause
Dodd (1995) subtype classification (pros and cons)
- pros: shows surface speech characteristics
- pros: immediately informs therapy
- cons: no risk factors or causes given
articulation disorder
- isolated errors in articulation
- distorted errors on imitation and spontaneous speech
phonological delay
- phonological error patterns
- patterns typical in normal development but at a later stage of development
consistent (atypical) phonological disorder
- predictable error patterns
- patterns atypical in normal speech development
- can co-occur with typical error patterns
inconsistent phonological disorder
- inconsistent production of words
- better on imitation
- extent of variability is crucial
childhood apraxia of speech/developmental verbal dyspraxia
- speech inconsistency
- problems with phonetic planning, motor programming, imitation of novel words, prosody, groping
- mild motor difficulties
- frustration, impacts daily life
praxis definition
proprioception, motor co-ordination
how does praxis develop
a movement pattern is modified through sensory feedback so that it is effective
apraxia of speech causes
- neurological impairment
- idiopathic
