Dysarthria Flashcards
dysarthria definition
a group of neurological speech disorders that reflects abnormalities in the strength, speed, range, steadiness, tone or accuracy of movements required for breathing, phonatory, resonatory, articulatory, or prosodic aspects of speech production
sensorimotor problems seen in dysarthria
- weakness or paralysis
- incoordination
- involuntary movements
- excessive, reduced, or variable muscle tone
subsystems of speech
- prosody
- resonance
- articulation
- phonation
- respiration
prosody definition
stress and pitch (how alive you sound)
resonance definition
- voice quality due to sound vibrations
- irregular: hyper/hyponasality voice quality
articulation definition
the ability to form clear and distinct speech sounds
phonation definition
- production of speech sounds
- irregular: creaky/strained voice
respiration definition
the ability to full and expel air from lungs
causes of dysarthria
- congenital
- degenerative diseases
- demyelinating and inflammatory diseases
- infectious diseases
- neoplastic diseases
- other neurological conditions
- toxic/metabolic diseases
congenital diseases causing dysarthria
- cerebral palsy
- chiari malformation
- congenital suprabulbar palsy
- syringomyelia
- syringobulba
degenerative diseases causing dysarthria
- Parkinson’s disease
- Huntington’s disease
- amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- progressive supranuclear palsy
- cerebellar degeneration
- corticobasal degeneration
- multiple system atrophy
- olivopontocerebellar atrophy
- Friedrich’s ataxia
- spinocerebellar ataxia
- ataxia telangiectasia
demyelinating and inflammatory diseases causing dysarthria
- multiple sclerosis
- meningitis
- encephalitis
- Guillain-Barré (and associated autoimmune) syndrome
- multifocal leukoencephalopathy
infectious diseases causing dysarthria
- acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
- Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
- herpes zoster
- infectious encephalopathy
- central nervous system tuberculosis
- poliomyelitis
neoplastic diseases causing dysarthria
- central nervous system tumors
- cerebral, cerebellar, or brainstem tumors
- paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration
other neurological conditions causing dysarthria
- radiation necrosis
- Tourette’s syndrome
- hydrocephalus
- Meige syndrome
- myoclonic epilepsy
- neuroacanthocytosis
- sarcoidosis
- seizure disorder
- chorea gravidarum
toxic/metabolic diseases causing dysarthria
- botulism
- carbon monoxide poisoning
- central pontine myelinolysis
- heavy metal/chemical toxicity
- hepatocerebral degeneration
- hypothyroidism
- hypoxic encephalopathy
- lithium toxicity
- Wilson’s disease
different courses of acquired dysarthria
- transient
- progressive
- non-progressive
- static
which causes of dysarthria might lead to progressive dysarthria
- Parkinson’s disease
- motor neuron disease
which cause of dysarthria might lead to non-progressive dysarthria
- tbi
- stroke
differential diagnosis definition
process of narrowing diagnostic possibilities and findings to guide the next steps taken
types of dysarthria
- flaccid
- spastic
- ataxic
- hypokinetic
- hyperkinetic
- unilateral upper motor neuron
- mixed
- undetermined
damage to lower motor neurons leads to…
flaccidity
flaccid dysarthria location of breakdown
- lower motor neurons
- neuromuscular junction in peripheral nervous system
flaccid dysarthria perceptual speech characteristics
- continuous breathiness
- diplophonia
- audible inspiration or stridor
- nasal emission
- short phrases
- hypernasality
- rapid deterioration or recovery with rest
- imprecise alternating motion rate (AMRs)
flaccid dysarthria distinguishing physical characteristics
- weakness
- flaccidity
- atrophy
- fasciculations (of tongue)
- hypoactive gag reflex
- facial myokymia
- rapid deterioration and recovery with rest
- synkinesis
- nasal backflow while swallowing (low velum strength)
flaccid dysarthria common causes
- stroke (brainstem)
- motor neuron disease
- myasthenia gravis
- tumors (brainstem)
- surgery
- TBI