Stuff on the Bio Test Flashcards
Cells dividing uncontrollably
Cancer
Division of prokaryotes is called
binary fission
Simple steps to binary fission
Duplication of the chromosome and separation of the copies. These copies then divide
How does binary fission compare to mitosis
Binary fission occurs primarily in prokaryotes (bacteria), while mitosis only occurs in eukaryotes
Why do cells divide
Growth, repairing, and reproduction
The first checkpoint of the cell cycle does what
Checks the integrity of the DNA
Second checkpoint does what
Proper chromosome duplication is assessed at checkpoint 2
Third checkpoint does what
Assess the attachment of kinetochore to a spindle fiber
Entire complex consisting of roughly the same amount of DNA and protein
Chromatin
One of the two identical parts of a duplicated chromosome in a eukaryotic cell
SIster chromatids
What holds the sister chromatids together
Centromere
(of a cell or nucleus) having a single set of unpaired chromosomes.
haploid
What tumors don’t leave the original site
Benign
tumors are mass of abnormally reproducing cells that can spread and invade other healthy organs of the body
Malignant
If the cancer cells spread it is called
METASTASIS
ANGIOGENESIS
Cancer cells can signal blood vessels to grow to them by releasing chemicals
Use chemical to kill cancer cells that are dripped in an IV.
chemotherapy
Using intense radiation (UV rays) and locally zapping the cancer cells.
radiation
Antibodies (Proteins)
immunotherapy
How many autosomes are found in the human sperm cell?
22 chromosomes in a gamete (23 because they’re a haploid)
Which are identical? Sister chromatids or homologous chromosomes? Explain.
Sister chromatids are identical copies of the same chromosomes. Homologous have the same genetic information coded on them but the coding itself doesn’t have to be the same
(of a cell or nucleus) containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.
Diploid
Chromatin what exactly does it do?
Contains the DNA which is an instruction booklet of the cell
Chromatin isn’t just DNA. It has proteins that are “shelves” What are these “shelves” called?
Histones
DNA is found in 2 forms: smaller circular pieces = plasmids and large loop = nucleiod
Prokaryotic DNA
Nuclear DNA and DNA found in other membrane-bound organelles: mitochondria and chroloplasts
much more DNA than prokaryotes
Eukaryotic DNA
Cell copies DNA and prepares for division
Interphase
chromosomes are visible
centrioles migrate to the poles
Nuclear membrane disappears
nucleolus disappears
spindle forms
prophase
Chromosomes line up on the equator
metaphase
chromatids separate and move to opposite poles pulled by spindle
anaphase
chromosomes disappear
nuclear membrane reforms
nucleoli reappears
spindle disappears
centrioles duplicate
telophase
division of the cytoplasm to form 2 new daughter cells
cytokenisis
How many chromosomes does a cell have after mitosis
46
After meiosis how many chromosomes will a cell have
23
