Cells 8.8 Flashcards
Without an added growth factor will cultured cells suspended in water divide
WIthout the added growth factor they will fail to divide
Skin cells go through the cell cycle in about how many days
2-5
How long does it take nerve cells to complete the cell cycle
They won’t. they are stuck in the cell cycle forever
What controls the movement through the cell cycle?
Internal regulating (within the cell) factors. and external regulating factors (outside of the cell)
Cell cycle can be initiated by what events
Death of a nearby cell, presence of growth hormones, size of the cell, and crowding of the cells
Does the cell have internal mechanisms to prevent a compromised cell from dividing?
Yes this halts the cell cycle progression until conditions are favorable to proceed
If this halting doesn’t happen cells will undergo APOPTOSIS
Yes apoptosis is cell death
The first checkpoint of the cell cycle does what
Checks the integrity of the DNA
Second checkpoint does what
Proper chromosome duplication is assessed at checkpoint 2
Third checkpoint does what
Assess the attachment of kinetochore to a spindle fiber
What tumors do NOT leave the original site
Benign
What tumors are mass of abnormally reproducing cells that can spread and invade other healthy organs of the body
Malignant
Cancer cells spreading is called
METASTASIS
The process of ANGIOGENESIS is
Cancer cells sending chemicals out to get blood vessels to grow to them
Can cancer cells avoid apoptosis (cell death)
Yes making their lives last longer
Use chemical to kill cancer cells that are dripped in an IV.
chemotherapy
Using intense radiation (UV rays) and locally zapping the cancer cells.
radiation
Antibodies (Proteins)
immunotherapy
How many autosomes are found in the human sperm cell?
22 chromosomes in a gamete (23 because they’re a haploid)
If a Hawk has a body cell with 68 chromosomes, how many would the gametes have?
68 is the diploid # found in the somatic cells. During meiosis this # is halved and the resulting cells are gametes.
So 1/2 of 68 is 34.
Which are identical? Sister chromatids or homologous chromosomes? Explain.
Sister chromatids are identical copies of the same chromosomes. Homologous have the same genetic information coded on them but the coding itself doesn’t have to be the same
chromosomes of the same kind, but each is from a different parent. What type of chromosome?
Homologous chromosomes
Taking a cell with two copies of chromosome (diploid) and makes a cell with a single copy of every chromosome (haploid)
Meiosis
What happens in meiosis
one diploid cells produces 4 haploid cells
events leading to variation
Crossing over that occurs during Meiosis, Prophase Part 1
NONDISJUNCTION
Chromosomes pairs don’t separate during meiosis
What happens after nondisjunction
One gamete receives 2 of the same type of chromosome and another gamete receives no copy of that chromosome.
Not involved in disjunction means
The chromosomes are distributed normally
If an abnormal gamete produced by nondisjunction unites with a normal gamete during fertilization
The result is a zygote with an abnormal amount of chromosomes
What do scientists use to prepare a karyotype
Lymphocytes a white blood cell
How is the blood cell treated?
It’s treated with a chemical that stimulates mitosis
Trisomy 21
Most common chromosome number abnormality
When is down syndrome more common
When the mother is older or above 40
Loss of all or part of a chromosome
Deletion
Extra copies of parts of a chromosome
Duplication
Reverse the direction of parts of the chromosomes
Inversion
Part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to a different chromosome
Translocation
