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Neuro 1 > Stuff I dunno > Flashcards

Stuff I dunno Flashcards

1
Q

axial plane

A

horizontal plane

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2
Q

striatum

What separates it’s parts on cross section?

A

caudate and putamen

internal capsule

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3
Q

pyramidal pathway

A

corticospinal pathway

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4
Q

Betz cells

A

origin of corticospinal path in the motor cortex forebrain

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5
Q

Where do UMN synapse on LMN in the corticospinal tract?

A

anterior horn of spinal cord

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6
Q

corticospinal tract

  1. descends through what part of midbrain
  2. broken up into many bundles where
  3. descends as what part of the medulla
  4. decussates where
  5. what do crossed fibers form
  6. what do uncrossed fibers form
A
  1. crus cerebri in anterior midbrain
  2. pons
  3. pyramids in anterior medulla
  4. junction of medulla and spinal cord
  5. lateral corticospinal tract
  6. anterior corticospinal tract
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7
Q
  1. Where does the 1st order neuron of the spinalthalamic tract and dorsal column synapse?
  2. What kind of neuron is it?
  3. Where is the cell body of this neuron?
A
  1. dorsal horn gray matter
  2. pseudo unipolar
  3. dorsal root ganglion
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8
Q

spinothalamic tract

  1. What do 1st order neurons do that is unique?
  2. where decussate
  3. what part of the spinal cord and medulla does the tract ascend
  4. in the rostral medulla what does the tract lie between
  5. where does it lie in the pons/midbrain
  6. where does the 2nd neuron terminate
  7. what do third neurons project through
  8. termination of 3rd neuron
A
  1. travel up or down 1-2 segments in Lissauer tract
  2. anterior white commissure (2nd order)
  3. anterolateral
  4. inferior olivary nucleus and nucleus of the spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve
  5. lateral to medial lemniscus
  6. VPL of thalamus
  7. internal capsule and corona radiata
  8. postcentral gyrus
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9
Q

posterior/ dorsal column

  1. where do they travel in the spinal cord
  2. where does 1st neuron synapse
  3. where does 2nd neuron decussate
  4. what do the fibers travel as now and where
  5. what do the fibers do in the pons
  6. what happens during ascension through rostral pons and midbrain
  7. synapse of 2nd neuron
  8. what do third neurons project through
  9. termination of 3rd neuron
A
  1. ipsilateral fasciculus gracilis (below T6) or cuneatus (above T6)
  2. ipsilateral nucleus gracilis or cuneatus
  3. medulla
  4. medial lemniscus close to midline
  5. flatten horizontally
  6. moves laterally
  7. VPL nucleus of thalamus
  8. posterior internal capsule and corona radiata
  9. postcentral gyrus
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10
Q

Where are preganglionic (also called secondary neurons) cell bodies for the

  1. SNS
  2. PNS
A
  1. intermediolateral cell column of spinal segments T1-L2

2. nuclei of CN III, VII, IX, X and adjacent to ventral horn of S2-4

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11
Q

What do neural crest cells become

A
  1. dorsal root ganglia
  2. autonomic and enteric ganglia
    sensory ganglia in gut
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12
Q

Embryo layers: what does each become

  1. endoderm
  2. mesoderm
  3. ectoderm
A
  1. internal organs
  2. muscles and skeleton
  3. skin and nervous system
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13
Q

When do the anterior and posterior pores of neural tube close?

A

anterior: day 25
posterior: day 27

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14
Q

What do embryological _______ become?

  1. neuroblasts
  2. glioblasts
  3. what glial cell develops before neuroblasts differentiate
  4. where do neuroblasts and glioblasts form originally
A
  1. CNS neurons
  2. radial glial cells, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymocytes, tanycytes, choroid plexus cells
  3. radial glial cell
  4. ventricular zone
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15
Q

radial glial cells

A

guide wires for migration of neurons from ventricular zone to final location

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16
Q

sulcus limitans

A
  1. separates alar and basal plates

2. motor (medial) from sensory (lateral) in adult brainstem

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17
Q

Where does the conus medullaris/ spinal cord terminate in

  1. 3 mo. fetus
  2. 6 mo. fetus
  3. 9 mo. fetus
  4. adult
A
  1. end of spinal column
  2. S1
  3. L3
  4. L1-2
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18
Q

tethered spinal cord syndrome

A 
filum terminale (connects conus medullaris to coccygeal ligament) is too tight
Sx: back pain, leg pain, leg weakness, scoliosis, loss of bowel and bladder control
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19
Q

encephalocele

A

due to failure to close anterior pore

sac-like protrusions of the brain and the membranes that cover it through openings in the skull

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20
Q

spina bifida aperta

A

includes meningocele and myelomeningocele

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21
Q

spina dysraphism

A

spina bifida

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22
Q

How to distinguish

  1. Chiari type I
  2. Chiari type II
A
  1. cerebellar tonsils herniate into foramen magnum: asymptomatic or headache (due to increased ICP)
  2. herniated tonsils plus cervical or occipital encepholocele (can cause paralysis of lower limbs)
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23
Q

divisions of ANS

A
  1. SNS
  2. PNS
  3. enteric
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24
Q

ANS on (PNS vs SNS)

  1. pancreas
  2. liver
A
  1. PNS: increase insulin and glucagon; SNS: decrease insulin and increase glucagon
  2. SNS: stimulate glycogenolysis
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25
Q

SNS

  1. pre-ganglionic cell body
  2. where pre-ganglionic exits spinal cord
  3. next
  4. 3 allow access to?
  5. where can it synapse
A
  1. lateral horn of T1-L2
  2. ventral root
  3. white communicating ramus
  4. paravertebral sympathetic chain ganglia
  5. medulla of adrenal gland, chain (paravertebral) motor ganglia through gray ramus (travel up or down), collateral (pre vertebral) motor ganglia in periphery
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26
Q

Length of neuron projections

  1. PNS: preganglionic
  2. PNS: post
  3. SNS: pre
  4. SNS: post
A
  1. long
  2. short
  3. short
  4. long
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27
Q

Edinger-Westphal nucleus

  1. location
  2. sends fibers via what
  3. synapses on what ganglion
  4. controls what
A

PNS

  1. midbrain
  2. CN III
  3. ciliary ganglion
  4. pupillary constriction
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28
Q

superior salivatory nucleus

  1. location
  2. sends fibers via what
  3. synapses on what ganglion
  4. controls what
A

PNS

  1. pontine tegmentum
  2. CN VII
  3. pterygopalatine ganglion, submandibular ganglion
  4. lacrimation, salivary secretion
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29
Q

inferior salivatory nucleus

  1. location
  2. sends fibers via what
  3. synapses on what ganglion
  4. controls what
A

PNS

  1. dorsal pons (below superior salivary nucleus)
  2. CN IX
  3. otic ganglion
  4. parotid secretion
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30
Q

dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus

  1. location
  2. sends fibers via what
  3. synapses on what ganglion
  4. controls what
A

PNS

  1. middle medulla
  2. CN X
  3. terminal ganglia
  4. heart, gut
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31
Q

nucleus ambiguus

  1. location
  2. sends fibers via what
  3. synapses on what ganglion
  4. controls what
A

PNS

  1. middle medulla
  2. CN X
  3. terminal ganglia
  4. heart, gut
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32
Q

enteric nervous system

  1. myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexus
  2. submucosal (Meissner) plexus
  3. SNS and PNS input
  4. NT
A

part of ANS

  1. gut motility; between longitudinal and circular muscle;
  2. secretions and absorption; in submucosa beneath circular muscle
  3. T1-L2; Dorsal motor nucleus of vagus or S2-S4
  4. ACh
33
Q

Horner’s syndrome

  1. Sx
  2. lesion
  3. difference btwn central and peripheral lesion
A
  1. ptosis, mitosis, anhidrosis
  2. ipsilateral, sympathetic fibers at any point from hypothalamus to ciliary nerve

central (brain stem or spinal cord): ipsilateral loss of sweating entire side of body
peripheral (T1-2 nerve root or more distal): ipsilateral anhidrosis ONLY on face, head, neck

34
Q

Nucleus solitarius

  1. input from?
  2. PNS output
  3. SNS output
  4. controls what?
A
  1. baroreceptors and chemoreceptors via CN IX and X
  2. Nucleus ambiguus and Dorsal motor nucleus of vagus (to vagus)
  3. rostral ventrolateral medulla (to preganglionic sympathetic fibers)
  4. HR and BP (PNS: decreases; SNS: increases)
35
Q

How do pain/temp fibers from the bladder get to the spinothalamic tract?

A

travel with SNS and PNS fibers, then cross midline to tract

36
Q
  1. How is fullness of bladder sensed?

2. What if the bladder is very full?

A
  1. mechanoreceptors in bladder wall transmitted to spinal cord via PNS fibers then to spinothalamic tract to thalamus/cortex
  2. mechanoreceptors in bladder trigone travel in posterior columns
37
Q

control of internal urethral sphincter

A

SNS in males

does not exist in females

38
Q

pontine micturition center (PMC)

  1. before 3 yrs
  2. after 3 yrs
A
  1. controls bladder emptying reflex
  2. under voluntary control by medial surface of superior frontal gyrus
    PMC controls PNS and SNS bladder control
39
Q

locus ceruleus

A

regulates sleep/ arousal and attention

NE neurons

40
Q
  1. Stimulation of beta receptors in amygdala does what?

2. What does this contribute to?

A
  1. enhance memories for stimuli encoded under strong negative emotion (danger)
  2. PTSD
41
Q

In the brain what does ____ regulate?

  1. NE
  2. ACh
  3. histamine
A
  1. arousal, attention, vigilance, memory, pain signal modulation
  2. arousal, motivation, learning, memory
  3. arousal
42
Q

What AE will NE/ACh antagonists cause in the brain?

A

sedation and mental clouding

43
Q

anti-psychotic AE

A

all: sedation
antimuscarinic: xerostomia, constipation, confusion
anti: alpha: orthostatic hypotension, impotence, reflex tachycardia
anti: dopamine: parkinsonism, impotence, amenorrhea, galactorrhea

weight gain

antagonist of: alpha-adrenergic, histaminergic, dopaminergic, and muscarinic receptors
agonist or antagonist: serotonin

44
Q

anti-depressants AE

A

anti: alpha-1: orthostatic hypotension, reflex tachycardia
antimuscarinic: memory, confusion, dry up, constipation

NE: sweat, tachycardia, tremor, anxiety, increase vasopressin

block: NE, DA, 5-HT reuptake
antagonist: H1, a1, D2, 5-HTA

45
Q

benztropine

A

anticholinergic
Tx: early Parkinsonism or in conjunction with dopamine
AE: sedation, confusion, constipation, urinary retention, cycloplegia

46
Q

diphenhydramine

A

anticholinergic
Tx: early Parkinsonism or in conjunction with dopamine
AE: sedation, confusion, constipation, urinary retention, cycloplegia

47
Q

trihexyphenidyl

A

anticholinergic
Tx: early Parkinsonism or in conjunction with dopamine
AE: sedation, confusion, constipation, urinary retention, cycloplegia

48
Q

PTSD Sx (3; how might you treat 2 of the Sx)

A
  1. intrusion (nightmares, flashbacks): Tx with beta blockade
  2. hyperarousal (outbursts, insomnia, difficulty concentrating, etc.): Tx with alpha blockade
  3. avoidance

antiadrenergics (only 2 SSRI’s are currently labeled for PTSD)

49
Q

paroxetine

A

SSRI

Tx: PTSD

50
Q

sertraline

A

SSRI

Tx: PTSD

51
Q

prazosin and propranolol combo

A

alpha 1 blocker (nightly)
Tx: PTSD hyperarousal

non-specific B blocker (once a week)
Tx: PTSD intrusion

monitor hypotension

52
Q

AE of lipophilic

  1. B blockers (example)
  2. H1 antagonists (1st gen)

What about AE of
3. antihistamines with anticholinergic effects

  1. What antimuscarinics are less likely to produce CNS effects? Why?
A

CNS

  1. confusion, sedation, hallucinations, short-term memory impairment, insomnia, emotional liability (propranolol)
  2. sedation, confusion (diphenhydramine)
  3. dry mouth, tachycardia, blurred vision, constipation, thick bronchial sputum
  4. quaternary amines; can’t cross BBB
53
Q

protopathic

  1. ascending tract
  2. sensory modalities
  3. spatial and temporal resolution
  4. fiber type
A

anterolateral

  1. spinothalamic tract
  2. pain, crude touch, temp
  3. low
  4. small, slow conducting; lightly myelinated or unmyelinated (Adelta, C)
54
Q

epicritic

  1. ascending tract
  2. sensory modalities
  3. spatial and temporal resolution
  4. fiber type
A

lemniscal pathway

  1. dorsal columns
  2. form, texture, fine touch, pressure, slippage, vibration, position
  3. high
  4. large, rapid conduction, myelinated (Abeta, type II)
55
Q

Afferent fibers

  1. Aalpha
  2. Ia
  3. Abeta or Ib
  4. II
  5. Agamma
  6. Adelta or III
  7. B
  8. C (what is unique)
A

organized: 1 (fastest conduction) to 8 (slowest)
1. motor to skeletal muscle
2. sensory from muscle spindle
3. sensory from golgi tendon organ and Ruffini endings
4. sensory from skin
5. motor to intrafusal
6. sensory from free nerve endings for pain and temp; hair follicle
7. pregagnlionic autonomic (second slowest)
8. postganglionic autonomic fibers; pain/temp from free nerve endings; smell (slow, unmyelinated)

56
Q

organization (legs vs arms) in the spinal tract

  1. dorsal column
  2. spinothalamic
  3. corticospinal

in brainstem

  1. dorsal column
  2. spinothalamic
  3. corticospinal

cortex (homunculus)

  1. sensory (dorsal column)
  2. motor
A
  1. medial: legs (gracilis); lateral (cuneatus): arms (organized as you are)
  2. legs: lateral; arms medial (legs lateral in Lateral spinothalamic)
  3. legs: lateral; arms medial (legs lateral in Lateral corticospinal)
  4. legs: lateral; arms: medial
  7. medial/ superior: legs; lateral/ inferior: head, arm
    8.
57
Q

Rexed’s laminae

  1. dorsal horn
  2. intermediate zone
  3. ventral horn
A
  1. I-V
  2. VI-VII
  3. VIII-IX
58
Q

spinocerebellar tract

  1. what is it
  2. sensory of what
  3. input from
A
  1. axons that originate in spinal cord and terminate in ipsilateral cerebellum
  2. limb and joint position
  3. input: muscle spindle organs, Golgi tendon organs
59
Q

What does each part of the spinocerebellar tract convey info from?

  1. dorsal
  2. ventral
  3. cuneocerebellar
  4. rostral
A
  1. ipsilateral leg and body
  2. ipsilateral leg and body
  3. ipsilateral arm
  4. ipsilateral arm
60
Q

Clarke’s Nucleus

  1. what is it
  2. where does it project
  3. via what
  4. Rexed’s lamina
  5. vertebral levels
  6. senses what
A
  1. afferents of dorsal spinocerebellar tract (via fasciulus gracilis) synapse here
  2. ipsilateral cerebellum
  3. inferior cerebellar peduncle
  4. lamina VII of intermediate zone
  5. level T2-L2
  6. proprioception of lower limbs
61
Q

accessory cuneate nucleus

  1. what is it
  2. where does it project
  3. via what
A
  1. afferents of cuneocerebellar tract synapse here
  2. ipsilateral cerebellum
  3. inferior peduncle
62
Q

ventral spinocerebellar tract

  1. where do afferents synapse
  2. where does it project
  3. via what
A
  1. layer VII of spinal cord (L3-S3)
  2. superior cerebellar peduncle
  3. contralateral funiculus
    some cross midline again to end up in ipsilateral cerebellum
63
Q

rostral spinocerebellar tract

  1. where do afferents synapse
  2. where does it project
  3. via what
A
  1. layer VII of spinal cord (above L3)
  2. ipsilateral cerebellum
  3. inferior peduncle
64
Q

substantia gelatinosa

A

lamina I and II of spinal cord gray matter

first site of modulation of pain and temp (both C and Adelta fibers)

65
Q

posterolateral fasiculus

A

Lissauer’s tract

66
Q

intralaminar nucleus

A

collaterals of spinothalamic tract synapse here
projects to cortex
important for arousal

67
Q

dorsomedial nucleus of thalamus

A

collaterals of spinothalamic tract synapse here
projects to prefrontal cortex

important for arousal

68
Q

3 divisions of spinothalamic pathway

Where do they synapse?; What is their purpose?

A
  1. spinothalamic tract: brainstem, discriminative aspect of pain (sharp object in foot)
  2. spinoreticular: pons and medulla, general arousal and emotional aspect of pain (ouch)
  3. spinomesencephalic: periaqueductal gray in midbrain, modulate pain (ah, that’s better)

where they synapse is in the name

69
Q

first pain

A

sharp, localizable pain

Adelta fibers

70
Q

second pain

A

dull, less localizable

C fibers

71
Q

propriospinal tract

A

short fibers that run up and down cord from lamina I and II

72
Q

Cause of referred pain

A

some collaterals of epicritic system synapse on same layer (lamina V) that protopathic pain fibers do

73
Q

trigeminal nuclei

  1. motor nucleus of V
  2. chief sensory nucleus of V
  3. mesencephalic nucleus of V
  4. spinal nucleus of V
  5. project to?
A
  1. motoneurons of masticatory muscles
  2. cell bodies of second order neurons for epicritic system for head/face (analogous to dorsal column nuclei)
  3. cell bodies of primary afferents for muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs for masticatory muscles (analogous to displaced DRG in brainstem)
  4. cells bodies of second order cells for protopathic system for head/face (analogous to dorsal horn)
  5. VPM
74
Q

Gasserian or trigeminal ganglion

A

cell bodies for somatic afferents for head/face (chief and spinal nucleus)

outside of brain

analogous to DRG

75
Q

What is unique about the mesencephalic nucleus of V?

A

afferent cell body is in the brainstem rather than trigeminal ganglion

project to motor nucleus of V for monosynaptic stretch reflex

76
Q

trigeminal lemniscus pathway

  1. 1st order neuron
  2. 1st synapse
  3. 2nd order neuron
  4. 2nd synapse
  5. 3rd order neuron
A
  1. sensory afferent of face (cell body is in trigeminal ganglion)
  2. chief sensory nucleus of V
  3. cross midline to contralateral side
  4. VPM
  5. postcentral gyrus
77
Q

trigeminothalamic tract

  1. 1st order neuron
  2. 1st synapse
  3. 2nd order neuron
  4. 2nd synapse
  5. 3rd order neuron
A
  1. sensory afferent of face (cell body is in trigeminal ganglion)
  2. ipsilateral spinal tract of V
  3. spinal nucleus of V: cross midline
  4. VPM
  5. postcentral gyrus
78
Q

Brodmann area

  1. 3a
  2. 3b
  3. 1
  4. 2
A

postcentral gyrus anterior to posterior

  1. receives muscle afferents and pain from thalamus
  2. cutaneous inputs (tactile)
  3. input from 3b (texture: cutaneous)
  4. receives 3a and 3b projections: integrates pain, tactile, proprioceptions (position, edge detection)

Neuro 1 (10 decks)

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