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Neuro 1 > Foe: Cortex and Limbic > Flashcards

Foe: Cortex and Limbic Flashcards

1
Q

What is the neocortex responsible for

A

responsible for: cognition, perception, attention, language, consciousness

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2
Q

allocortex

A

3 layered

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3
Q

isocortex

A

six layered

primary somatosensory

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4
Q

mesocortex

A

3-5 layers

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5
Q

paleocortex

A

oldest

formed from: lateral pallium

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6
Q

archicortex

A

next oldest

formed from: medial pallium

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7
Q

neocortex

A

new

formed from dorsal pallium

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8
Q

cortical layers

  1. layer I
  2. layer II, III
  3. layer IV
  4. layer V
  5. layer VI
A
  1. molecular layer, cell poor (just GABA interneurons)
  2. superficial pyramidal layer
  3. granular layer
  4. deep pyramidal cells (large)
  5. polymorphic layer

I-III: supra granular
V, VI: subgranular

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9
Q

pyramidal cells

A

SPINY
pear shaped soma and single dominant apical dendrite (and basal rosette of dendrites)

projection neurons: local and to other cortical and subcortical areas

excitatory: GLUTAMATE, aspartate

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10
Q

non pyramidal cells

A

ASPINY
multipolar, bipolar, chandelier, basket, neuroglia form

project locally

inhibitory: GABA

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11
Q

spiny stellate cell

A

pyramidal cell subtype that only projects locally

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12
Q

basket cells

A

non pyramidal

layers: II/III and V

surround soma of pyramidal cell

multipolar

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13
Q

chandelier cells

A

non pyramidal

contact initial segments of pyramidal neurons

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14
Q

bipolar

A

non pyramidal

long dendrites and axons

innervate more distal dendrites of pyramidal neurons

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15
Q

dominant input to cortical neurons

A

other cortical neurons

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16
Q

main extrinsic input to cortex

A

thalamus

next: brainstem nuclei

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17
Q

thalamic input to cortex

  1. specific
  2. nonspecific
A
  1. projects to single cortical area (e.g. VPL, VML, LGN, MGN): layer IV
  2. integrate info from many sources (intralaminar and midline thalamic nuclei): layer I
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18
Q

association fibers

A

project ipsilaterally

cortico-cortico connections: layer II, III

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19
Q

callosal projections

A

project contralateral via corpus callosum

cortico-cortico connections: layer II, III

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20
Q

main output of cortex

A

layer V pyramidal neurons

project to: subcortical regions: spinal cord, pons. tectum, basal ganglia

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21
Q

what cortex cells project to thalamus

A

layer VI

feedback loop: thalmocortical rhythms seen in EEG

sleep/wake, consciousness

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22
Q
  1. minicolumn

2. microcolumn, hypercolumn

A
  1. all cells have similar features

2. all cells allied for particular function: basic functional unit

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23
Q

type of cortex

  1. primary motor
  2. primary sensory
A
  1. heterotypic, agranular

2. heterotypic, granular (koniocortex)

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24
Q

Brodmann’s areas

  1. 4
  2. 3, 1, 2
  3. 17
  4. 41, 42
  5. 6
  6. 5, 7
A
  1. primary motor; pre central
  2. primary somatosensory; postcentral, sup. parietal lobule
  3. primary visual; banks of calcarine fissure
  4. primary auditory, transverse gyro

unimodal

  1. premotor
  2. somatosensory
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25
Q

unimodal association area

A

one modality

ex: vision, audition, motor

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26
Q

heteromodal association area

A

more than one modality

ex :combo of vision and hearing

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27
Q

Is most of cortex association cortes or primary motor/sensory?

A

association cortex

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28
Q
  1. serial processing

2. parallel processing

A
  1. each sub modality has its own input (input for 3, 1, 2 are all different but in order)
  2. sub modalities project together from one area to another (ex: 3,1,2 to 5,7)
29
Q

use-dependent plasticity

A

use a part of cortex more/differently then all also change

ex: syndactyly has tight grouping of sensory cortex but once fingers separated this spreads in the cortex too

30
Q

phantom limb

A

loss of input from limb causes adjacent cells in cortex to take over the area
(face itch referred to phantom limb)

31
Q

purpose of association cortex

  1. parietal
  2. temporal
  3. prefrontal
  4. occipital
A
  1. attention to physical world
  2. naming
  3. executive behavior
  4. visual
32
Q

lesion of parietal association cortex (which gyri)

  1. dominant
  2. non-dominant
A

angular and supra marginal gyri

  1. language disorder
  2. sensory neglect
33
Q

sensory neglect

A

angular and supra marginal gyri of non-dominant side
contralateral half of body
don’t rec. contralateral leg and ignore objects in contralateral field

34
Q

lesion of temporal association cortex

A

occipitotemporal gyrus

recognition deficits

35
Q

prefrontal association cortex (PFC)

  1. orbitofrontal
  2. dorsolateral

lesion?

A 
personality, sense of self
R: restraint
I: initiative 
O: order (plan)
1. aggression and emotions (part of limbic)
2. working memory

lesion: personality changes, loss of inhibition, planning deficit

36
Q

Papez Circuit
1/2. made 2 assumptions
3. hypotheses

A
  1. cortex needed for emotional experience
  2. expression of emotion req. hypothalamus
  3. emotions initiate in the hippocampus (actually bigger role in cognition)
37
Q

components of Papez circuit

A
  1. cingulate gyrus
  2. entorhinal cortex (ERC)
  3. hippocampus
  4. fornix
  5. hypothalamus (mammillary bodies
  6. mammilothalamic tract
  7. ant. N. thalamus
38
Q

limbic system

A
  1. amygdaloid nuclei
  2. hippocampal formation
  3. olfactory bulb, tract, cortex
  4. limbic cortex
  5. septal nuclei
  6. hypothalamus
  7. N. accumbens
    both emotions and cognitive
39
Q

What was added to Papez’s circuit to form the limbic system?

A
  1. orbitofrontal cortex
  2. median dorsal thalamic nucleus
  3. amygdala
40
Q

amygdala

A

anterior part of temporal lobe

olfaction, emotions, autonomic, learning and memory

41
Q

hippocampus

A

cognitive

42
Q

amygdaloid nuclei

  1. corticomedial
  2. central
  3. basolateral
A
  1. olfactory
  2. principal output, autonomic (DA axons, medium spiny GABA neurons)
  3. principal input; associated with neocortex and thalamus (glutamatergic pyramidal cells)
43
Q

corcitomedial nuclei

  1. input
  2. output
A

amygdala

  1. OLFACTORY BULB, parabrachial N., septal, MD and VM thalamus
  2. HYPOTHALAMUS (STRIA TERMINALIS), OLF. BULB
44
Q

central nuclei

  1. input
  2. output
  3. function
A

amygdala

  1. BASOLATERAL N., HYPOTHALAMUS
  2. BRAIN STEM, HYPOTHALAMUS, striatum, midline thalamus
  3. arousal, subjective experience, autonomics
45
Q

basolateral nuclei

  1. input
  2. output
  3. function
A

amygdala

  1. pyriform cortex, inf. temporal cortex, ASSOCIATION CORTEX, OLF. CORTEX, thalamus
  2. CENTRAL NUCLEUS, HYPOTHALAMUS, cortex, thalamus (esp. DM) frontal cortex, SUBICULUM, ERC
  3. fear, emotional behavior
46
Q

What connects the amygdaloid nuclei with the hippocampal formation?

A

ERC and subiculum

47
Q

stimulation of amygdala

A

arrest and/or fear

reg. emotional and social behavior

48
Q

bilateral lesion of amygdala (Kluver Bucy)

A
  1. hypersexual
  2. placcid/tame
  3. hyperorality
  4. hyper/hypophagia (BL: hyper; CM: hypo)
  5. psychic blindness (don’t rec. emotion)
49
Q

bilateral calcification of anterior temporal lobes (Urbech-Wiethe)

A

can’t rec. fear

50
Q

alveus

A

collection of hippocampal pyramidal cells

51
Q

fornix

A

main white matter of hippocampus

52
Q

fimbria

A

collection of alveus that becomes fornix

53
Q

entorhinal cortex (ERC)

  1. input from
  2. output to
A

gray matter of parahippocampal gyrus
glutamatergic
1. cortex, thalamus, brainstem
2. hippocampal formation

54
Q

hippocampal formation components

A
  1. subicculum (pyramidal cells)
  2. CA fields: 1, 2, 3, 4 (pyramidal cells)
  3. dentate gyrus (granular cells)
55
Q

CA fields

A 
hippocampus proper (pyramidal cells)
allocortex
56
Q

hippocampus input pathways

A
  1. perforant

2. alvear

57
Q

dentate gyrus

  1. in
  2. out
A

granule: glutamatergic
1. ERC
2. CA3

58
Q

subiculum

  1. input
  2. output
A

pyramidal cells
allocortex
1. hippocampus
2. cortex

59
Q

trisynaptic circuit

  1. perforate path
  2. mossy fibers
  3. Schaeffer collaterals

not in trisynaptic circuit
4. alvear path

A

main input into hippocampal formation

  1. excitatory ERC to dentate gyrus
  2. dentate gyrus to CA3 (excitatory)
  3. CA3 to CA1 (excitatory)
  4. septal nuclei and contralateral hippocampus to CA1 and CA3
60
Q

hippocampal formation

  1. almost all inputs from
  2. almost all outputs to
A
  1. ERC

2. subiculum

61
Q

What part of hippocampal formation is highly susceptible to seizures and ischemia?

A

CA1

62
Q

hippocampus function

A

spatial learning and spatial memories

63
Q

place cells

A

in hippocampus

orientation in environment

64
Q

declarative memory

A

available to conscious mind and can be encoded in language

hippocampus

65
Q

implicit memory

A

not available to conscious mind
ex: priming, muscular conditioning, emotional memory, procedural memory

amygdala: emotional memory
basal gangli and cerebellum: implicit memory

66
Q

where stored

  1. immediate memory (sense of present)
  2. short-term (working)
  3. long-term (day, weeks, life)
A
  1. ?
  2. hippocampus
  3. neocortex
67
Q

mammillary bodies lesion

A

memory deficits

68
Q

resection of bilateral hippocampus

A

no formation of new declarative memories

can learn new info but can’t retain it

Neuro 1 (10 decks)

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