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Neuro 1 > Foe: Cortex and Limbic > Flashcards

Foe: Cortex and Limbic Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the neocortex responsible for

A

responsible for: cognition, perception, attention, language, consciousness

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2
Q

allocortex

A

3 layered

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3
Q

isocortex

A

six layered

primary somatosensory

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4
Q

mesocortex

A

3-5 layers

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5
Q

paleocortex

A

oldest

formed from: lateral pallium

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6
Q

archicortex

A

next oldest

formed from: medial pallium

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7
Q

neocortex

A

new

formed from dorsal pallium

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8
Q

cortical layers

  1. layer I
  2. layer II, III
  3. layer IV
  4. layer V
  5. layer VI
A
  1. molecular layer, cell poor (just GABA interneurons)
  2. superficial pyramidal layer
  3. granular layer
  4. deep pyramidal cells (large)
  5. polymorphic layer

I-III: supra granular
V, VI: subgranular

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9
Q

pyramidal cells

A

SPINY
pear shaped soma and single dominant apical dendrite (and basal rosette of dendrites)

projection neurons: local and to other cortical and subcortical areas

excitatory: GLUTAMATE, aspartate

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10
Q

non pyramidal cells

A

ASPINY
multipolar, bipolar, chandelier, basket, neuroglia form

project locally

inhibitory: GABA

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11
Q

spiny stellate cell

A

pyramidal cell subtype that only projects locally

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12
Q

basket cells

A

non pyramidal

layers: II/III and V

surround soma of pyramidal cell

multipolar

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13
Q

chandelier cells

A

non pyramidal

contact initial segments of pyramidal neurons

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14
Q

bipolar

A

non pyramidal

long dendrites and axons

innervate more distal dendrites of pyramidal neurons

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15
Q

dominant input to cortical neurons

A

other cortical neurons

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16
Q

main extrinsic input to cortex

A

thalamus

next: brainstem nuclei

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17
Q

thalamic input to cortex

  1. specific
  2. nonspecific
A
  1. projects to single cortical area (e.g. VPL, VML, LGN, MGN): layer IV
  2. integrate info from many sources (intralaminar and midline thalamic nuclei): layer I
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18
Q

association fibers

A

project ipsilaterally

cortico-cortico connections: layer II, III

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19
Q

callosal projections

A

project contralateral via corpus callosum

cortico-cortico connections: layer II, III

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20
Q

main output of cortex

A

layer V pyramidal neurons

project to: subcortical regions: spinal cord, pons. tectum, basal ganglia

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21
Q

what cortex cells project to thalamus

A

layer VI

feedback loop: thalmocortical rhythms seen in EEG

sleep/wake, consciousness

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22
Q
  1. minicolumn

2. microcolumn, hypercolumn

A
  1. all cells have similar features

2. all cells allied for particular function: basic functional unit

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23
Q

type of cortex

  1. primary motor
  2. primary sensory
A
  1. heterotypic, agranular

2. heterotypic, granular (koniocortex)

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24
Q

Brodmann’s areas

  1. 4
  2. 3, 1, 2
  3. 17
  4. 41, 42
  5. 6
  6. 5, 7
A
  1. primary motor; pre central
  2. primary somatosensory; postcentral, sup. parietal lobule
  3. primary visual; banks of calcarine fissure
  4. primary auditory, transverse gyro

unimodal

  1. premotor
  2. somatosensory
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25
unimodal association area
one modality | ex: vision, audition, motor
26
heteromodal association area
more than one modality | ex :combo of vision and hearing
27
Is most of cortex association cortes or primary motor/sensory?
association cortex
28
1. serial processing | 2. parallel processing
1. each sub modality has its own input (input for 3, 1, 2 are all different but in order) 2. sub modalities project together from one area to another (ex: 3,1,2 to 5,7)
29
use-dependent plasticity
use a part of cortex more/differently then all also change | ex: syndactyly has tight grouping of sensory cortex but once fingers separated this spreads in the cortex too
30
phantom limb
loss of input from limb causes adjacent cells in cortex to take over the area (face itch referred to phantom limb)
31
purpose of association cortex 1. parietal 2. temporal 3. prefrontal 4. occipital
1. attention to physical world 2. naming 3. executive behavior 4. visual
32
lesion of parietal association cortex (which gyri) 1. dominant 2. non-dominant
angular and supra marginal gyri 1. language disorder 2. sensory neglect
33
sensory neglect
angular and supra marginal gyri of non-dominant side contralateral half of body don't rec. contralateral leg and ignore objects in contralateral field
34
lesion of temporal association cortex
occipitotemporal gyrus | recognition deficits
35
prefrontal association cortex (PFC) 1. orbitofrontal 2. dorsolateral lesion?
``` personality, sense of self R: restraint I: initiative O: order (plan) 1. aggression and emotions (part of limbic) 2. working memory ``` lesion: personality changes, loss of inhibition, planning deficit
36
Papez Circuit 1/2. made 2 assumptions 3. hypotheses
1. cortex needed for emotional experience 2. expression of emotion req. hypothalamus 3. emotions initiate in the hippocampus (actually bigger role in cognition)
37
components of Papez circuit
1. cingulate gyrus 2. entorhinal cortex (ERC) 3. hippocampus 4. fornix 5. hypothalamus (mammillary bodies 6. mammilothalamic tract 7. ant. N. thalamus
38
limbic system
1. amygdaloid nuclei 2. hippocampal formation 3. olfactory bulb, tract, cortex 4. limbic cortex 5. septal nuclei 6. hypothalamus 7. N. accumbens both emotions and cognitive
39
What was added to Papez's circuit to form the limbic system?
1. orbitofrontal cortex 2. median dorsal thalamic nucleus 3. amygdala
40
amygdala
anterior part of temporal lobe olfaction, emotions, autonomic, learning and memory
41
hippocampus
cognitive
42
amygdaloid nuclei 1. corticomedial 2. central 3. basolateral
1. olfactory 2. principal output, autonomic (DA axons, medium spiny GABA neurons) 3. principal input; associated with neocortex and thalamus (glutamatergic pyramidal cells)
43
corcitomedial nuclei 1. input 2. output
amygdala 1. OLFACTORY BULB, parabrachial N., septal, MD and VM thalamus 2. HYPOTHALAMUS (STRIA TERMINALIS), OLF. BULB
44
central nuclei 1. input 2. output 3. function
amygdala 1. BASOLATERAL N., HYPOTHALAMUS 2. BRAIN STEM, HYPOTHALAMUS, striatum, midline thalamus 3. arousal, subjective experience, autonomics
45
basolateral nuclei 1. input 2. output 3. function
amygdala 1. pyriform cortex, inf. temporal cortex, ASSOCIATION CORTEX, OLF. CORTEX, thalamus 2. CENTRAL NUCLEUS, HYPOTHALAMUS, cortex, thalamus (esp. DM) frontal cortex, SUBICULUM, ERC 3. fear, emotional behavior
46
What connects the amygdaloid nuclei with the hippocampal formation?
ERC and subiculum
47
stimulation of amygdala
arrest and/or fear | reg. emotional and social behavior
48
bilateral lesion of amygdala (Kluver Bucy)
1. hypersexual 2. placcid/tame 3. hyperorality 4. hyper/hypophagia (BL: hyper; CM: hypo) 5. psychic blindness (don't rec. emotion)
49
bilateral calcification of anterior temporal lobes (Urbech-Wiethe)
can't rec. fear
50
alveus
collection of hippocampal pyramidal cells
51
fornix
main white matter of hippocampus
52
fimbria
collection of alveus that becomes fornix
53
entorhinal cortex (ERC) 1. input from 2. output to
gray matter of parahippocampal gyrus glutamatergic 1. cortex, thalamus, brainstem 2. hippocampal formation
54
hippocampal formation components
1. subicculum (pyramidal cells) 2. CA fields: 1, 2, 3, 4 (pyramidal cells) 3. dentate gyrus (granular cells)
55
CA fields
``` hippocampus proper (pyramidal cells) allocortex ```
56
hippocampus input pathways
1. perforant | 2. alvear
57
dentate gyrus 1. in 2. out
granule: glutamatergic 1. ERC 2. CA3
58
subiculum 1. input 2. output
pyramidal cells allocortex 1. hippocampus 2. cortex
59
trisynaptic circuit 1. perforate path 2. mossy fibers 3. Schaeffer collaterals not in trisynaptic circuit 4. alvear path
main input into hippocampal formation 1. excitatory ERC to dentate gyrus 2. dentate gyrus to CA3 (excitatory) 3. CA3 to CA1 (excitatory) 4. septal nuclei and contralateral hippocampus to CA1 and CA3
60
hippocampal formation 1. almost all inputs from 2. almost all outputs to
1. ERC | 2. subiculum
61
What part of hippocampal formation is highly susceptible to seizures and ischemia?
CA1
62
hippocampus function
spatial learning and spatial memories
63
place cells
in hippocampus | orientation in environment
64
declarative memory
available to conscious mind and can be encoded in language hippocampus
65
implicit memory
not available to conscious mind ex: priming, muscular conditioning, emotional memory, procedural memory amygdala: emotional memory basal gangli and cerebellum: implicit memory
66
where stored 1. immediate memory (sense of present) 2. short-term (working) 3. long-term (day, weeks, life)
1. ? 2. hippocampus 3. neocortex
67
mammillary bodies lesion
memory deficits
68
resection of bilateral hippocampus
no formation of new declarative memories can learn new info but can't retain it

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