Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuro 1 > Pathology-Ish > Flashcards

Pathology-Ish Flashcards

1
Q

Brodmann’s areas

  1. 22
  2. 44, 45
A
  1. Wernicke’s

2. Broca’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What hemisphere is most often dominant?

A

left

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Lesion location of aphasias (most common type of lesion)

  1. Broca
  2. Wernicke
  3. global
  4. conduction
  5. transcortical motor
  6. transcortical sensory
  7. mixed transcortical
  8. anomic
A
  1. Brodmann’s 44, 45 (stroke)
  2. Brodmann’s 22 (stroke)
  3. large area of left hemisphere (stroke)
  4. supra marginal gyrus and arcuate fascicles (occlusion of angular branch of left MCA)
  5. left anterior frontal lobe superior or inferior to Broca’s area (stroke)
  6. between MCA and PCA (stroke, severe hypotension)
  7. between ACA and MCA (stroke, severe hypotension)
  8. anywhere in language area
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Lesion location of aphasias

  1. Broca
  2. Wernicke
A
  1. Brodmann’s 44, 45

2. Brodmann’s 22

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Gerüstmann syndrome
Sx

location?

A

anomia
alexia, agraphia, acalculia, finger agnosia
right left disorientation

left angular gyrus (area 39)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

alexia without agraphia

A

can write, but not read
right homonymous hemianopsia (can’t see right visual field)

location: left medial occipital and temporal lobes involving selenium of corpus callosum

caused by: occlusion of branch of left PCA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Sx of encephalopathy

A
  1. seizures
  2. altered respiration
  3. acute alteration of mental status: delirium, hallucinations, coma, lethargy, stupor; decrease in: attention, memory, orientation, cognition, HIF
  4. altered pupil light reactivity: symmetric and slow
  5. altered ocular motility: roving, absent, dysconjugate
  6. altered motor activity: alteration of strength, tone, reflexes; tremor, myoclonus, asterixis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Sx of encephalopathy

A
  1. seizures
  2. altered respiration
  3. acute alteration of mental status: delirium, hallucinations, coma, lethargy, stupor; decrease in: attention, memory, orientation, cognition, HIF
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Wernicke/Korsakoff encephalopathy

Sx, Dx, Tx, population, cause, location of lesions

A

B1 (thiamine) deficiency
ALCOHOL, malnutrition
ENCEPHALOPATHY
Triad: gait ataxia, ophthalmoparesis, confusion
amnesia for recent memories
peripheral neuropathy
Tx: thiamine BEFORE glucose (prevent brain damage)
Dx: clinical (reduced transketolase in blood: not readily available)
location: dorsomedial thalamus, mammillary body, periaqueductal gray
Wet/Dry Beriberi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Niacin deficiency

A

pellagra, encephalopathy
dementia, dermatitis, diarrhea, polyneuropathy
diffuse CNS/PNS involvement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

B12 deficiency

  1. causes
  2. Sx
  3. path
  4. Dx
  5. Tx
A

ENCEPHALOPATHY

  1. PERNICIOUS ANEMIA, vegetarian dient, bariatric Sx, sprue, gastric CA, nitrous oxide abuse
  2. pos. ROMBERG, decreased vibration/position sense; Lhermitte’s sign (electric sensation on neck flexion), distal parathesia; spastic gait, confusion/depression/dementia, visual problems, weakness
    anemia: pale, tongue atrophy
  3. demyelination of dorsal columns, corticospinal tract, optic nerves, peripheral nerves, cerebral white matter
  4. microcytic anemia, hyperhsegmented neutrophils, low B12, elevated methylmalonic acid and homocysteine
  5. Tx underlying problem; cyanocobalamin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

B12 deficiency

A

/

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

wet beriberi

A

thiamine deficiency

high output cardiac failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

dry beriberi

A

thiamine deficiency: axonal degeneration

polyneuropathy (lower > upper), decreased pain, loss of ankle/knee reflex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

B6 (pyridoxine) deficiency

A

NO encephalopathy

Sx: seizures, polyneuropathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

B complex deficiency

A 
TOBACCO/ALCOHOL
lesion: loss of myelination of optic nerve, papillomacular bundle
bilateral
decreased visual acuity: central scotoma
optic disc pallor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

hyperglycemic encephalopathy

A

acidosis with high sugar levels, small pupils,

no: brisk reflexes, seizures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

hyperglycemic encephalopathy

A

acidosis with high sugar levels, small pupils,

no: brisk reflexes, seizures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

hypoxic encephalopathy

A

due to: CARDIAC ARREST, CO poisoning, high altitude sickness, chronic bronchitis
Sx: stupor/coma, seizures, myoclonus, amnesia
damage to: hippocampus, watershed areas, deep cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

CO poisioning

A

cherry red skin with cyanotic hue

Tx: hyperbaric O2

21
Q

high altitude sickness

A

chronic hypoxia with compensated RBC count

22
Q

hepatic encephalopathy

A

due to: ALCOHOLIC LIVER; ACETAMINOPHEN
HIGH AMMONIA
Sx: confusion, seizures, slow EEG with triphasic waves, peripheral asterixis (flapping), myoclonus, BRISK reflexes

23
Q

hepatic encephalopathy

A

HIGH AMMONIA

Sx: confusion, seizures, slow EEG with triphasic waves, peripheral asterixis

24
Q

uremic encephalopathy

A

Sx: seizures, myoclonus, dementia, memory deficits, flapping, DECREASED reflexes, LOW Ca
DYSEQUILIBRIUM syndrome with dialysis: increased intracranial bleeds: SUBDURAL HEMORRHAGE

25
Q

Alzheimer’s pathology

A

loss of cerebral cortical neurons (PARIETAL, TEMPORAL atrophy; less frontal atrophy), neurotic plaques with B-amyloid, neurofibrillary tangles

26
Q

vascular dementia

A

2nd most common dementia after AD
HTN, CAD, PAD, DM
same age as AD
dementia within 3 months of event

27
Q

frontotemporal dementia

A

/

28
Q

delirium; dementia

  1. onset
  2. course
  3. duration
  4. consciousness
  5. attention
  6. autonomic function
  7. cognition
  8. prognosis
A
  1. acute; insidious
  2. fluctuations; progressive
  3. days/weeks; months/ years
  4. altered; not impaired
  5. distracted; normal
  6. hyperactive; normal
  7. confused; impoverished
  8. reversible; irreversible
29
Q

delirium

A

clouding of consciousness with reduced capacity to shift, focus, and sustain attention to environmental stimuli

30
Q

dementia

A

impairment of intellectual/ cognitive function that interferes with social/ occupational activities

31
Q

Dx of dementia

A
  1. impaired short and long term memory
    and/or
  2. one of the following: impaired judgement, abstract thinking or other disturbance (aphasia, agnosia, etc)
  3. disturbances interfere with work/ ADL
  4. Sx not occurring only in delirium
  5. evidence of organic cause (if no evidence then exclusion of non-organic cause (like depression))
32
Q

Dx of delirium

A
  1. disorientation and memory impairment
  2. two of the following: incoherent speech, disturbed sleep/wake cycle, increased/decreased psychomotor activity, or perceptual disturbance (hallucination, misinterpretations)
  3. develop over short period of time and fluctuate
  4. evidence of organic factor
33
Q

Alzheimer’s essential criteria

A
  1. confirmed dementia
  2. memory deficits
  3. progressive worsening of memory plus one other cognitive function (language, executive function, etc.)
  4. no disturbances of consciousness
  5. onset: most after 65 (btwn: 40-90)
  6. absence of other brain disease
    other: depression, behavioral changes
    motor signs, seizure, gait, sensory abnormalities are ABSENT early in course
34
Q

Alzheimer’s essential criteria

A
  1. confirmed dementia
  2. memory deficits
  3. progressive worsening of memory plus one other cognitive function
  4. no disturbances of consciousness
  5. onset: most after 65 (btwn: 40-90)
  6. absence of other brain disease
35
Q

logic behind Alzheimer’s Tx

A

AChE or BuChE inhibitor: increase ACh that is decreased due to atrophied Meynert

immunotherapy to clear amyloid

36
Q

memantine

A

NMDA receptor blocker

Tx: Alzheimer’s

37
Q

Dementia with Lewy bodies vs. Parkinson’s Tx

A

dementia responds less well to L-DOPA

38
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

hypokinetic
DA def.
ASYMMETRIC onset
Sx: bradykinesia, rest tremor, rigidity, postural instability (late, if falling early then something else)
other Sx: Stooped, shuffle gait, MASKED face, reduced armswing, micrographic, hypokinetic dysarthria
non-motor: depression, anxiety, cognitive impairment
ANS: GI (constipation, dysphagia, impaired gastric emptying); low libido; CV: BP regulation; thermoregulatory: profuse sweating; bladder
sleep disturbances: REM sleep behavior disorder

39
Q

Progressive Supranuclear Palsy

A

hypokinetic
life expectancy: 10 yrs
SYMMETRIC
Sx: rigidity, bradykinesia, dysarthria; EARLY GAIT and POSTURAL problems
dementia, emotional
ASTONISHED face
SUPRANUCLEAR GAZE PALSY: impairment of volitional downsize leading to inability to move eyes
normal oculocephalic maneuver: eyes can still move when pt. fixes gaze and someone moves their head (not a muscle problem); apraxia of eyelid opening (can open spontaneously but not when asked to do so
NO TREMOR
BABINSKI
sleep problems
TAUOPATHY: GLOBOSE type neurofibrillary tangle

40
Q

Multisystems Atrophy

A

hypokinetic
life expectancy: 5-10 yrs
Sx: rigidity, bradykinesia, EARLY postural instability, NO TREMOR
earlier and more severe ANS dysfunction
ataxia, dysarthria, oculomotor abnormalities
BABINSKI, SPASTICITY HYPERREFLEXIA, STRIDOR, RAYNAUD’s, invountary sighing, postural myoclonus
depression
NO DEMENTIA
GLIAL CYTOPLASMIC INCLUSION bodies that stain for alpha synuclein

41
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

hyperkinetic
onset: 35-45 yrs
life expectancy: 15-20 yrs
chorea (with progression becomes akinetic), dysarthria
Behavioral: aggressive, obsessive, irritable, impulsive
DEMENTIA eventually: impaired planning, organizing, reasoning, judgment
WEIGHT LOSS
saccades slow or difficult to initiate; difficulty maintaining gaze

42
Q

Tourette’s

A

hyperkinetic
YOUNG, MALE: diminishes
sudden movement preceded by urge (can be suppressed temporarily), vocal or sensory tics that change overtime
OCD, ADHD

43
Q

Primary Dystonia

A

AD with penetrance
hyperkinetic
onset: CHILD
ASHKENAZI JEW
twisting movement that results in abnormal postures that become fixed
starts in LOWER extremities (ankle, foot)
DYT1 gent, TORSIN A protein, Glu deletion

44
Q

Wilson’s

A 
mixed hyper/hypokinetic
AR: ATP7B: Cu transporting ATPase
onset: 10-20
Sx: hepatic, neurologic, psychiatric 
KAYSER-FLEISHER rings
SUNFLOWER CATARACTS
OPALSKI cells
increased free Cu, urinary Cu, hepatic Cu
decreased: serum ceruloplasmin, serum total Cu
45
Q

Wilson’s

A

/

46
Q

juvenile huntington’s

A

parkinsonism rather than chorea right from onset

47
Q

focal dystonia

A 
ADULT onset
generally sporadic 
muscles ABOVE waist
may be relieved by SENSORY TRICKS
may be TASK SPECIFIC
48
Q

Types of focal dystonia

  1. cranial
  2. cervical
  3. limb
A
  1. Blepharospasm, oromandibular, laryngeal
  2. spasmodic torticollis
  3. writer’s cramp, musician’s dystonia

Neuro 1 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions