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Neuro 1 > Cerebellum, Thalamus, Deep brain structures > Flashcards

Cerebellum, Thalamus, Deep brain structures Flashcards

1
Q

muscle control of cerebellum

  1. vermis
  2. paravermian
  3. hemispheres
  4. flocculonodular
A
  1. axial
  2. axial
  3. limbs
  4. head and eye
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2
Q

What nuclei do these project to

  1. cerebellar hemispheres
  2. paravermian
  3. vermis
A
  1. dentate
  2. interpositus: emboliform, globose
  3. fastigial
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3
Q

Lesion to cerebellum

  1. hemispheres
  2. deep cerebellar nuclei
A

1.

2. more severe ataxia

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4
Q

cerebellar peduncles

  1. superior: afferent
  2. superior: efferent
  3. middle: afferent
  4. middle: efferent
  5. inferior: afferent
  6. inferior: efferent
A
  1. anterior spinocerebellar tract, acoustic and optic info
  2. dentatorubrothalamic tract, dentatothalamic tract
  3. pontocerebellar tract
  4. –
  5. vestibulocerebellar tract, olivocerebellar tract, posterior spinocerebellar tract
  6. cerebellovestibular tract, cerebelloolivary tract
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5
Q

cerebellar organization

A
  1. cortex motor intent to pons
  2. info to contralateral hemisphere for processing
  3. middle cerebellar peduncles
  4. sent back to cortex/ VL thalamus via dentate nuclei (superior peduncle) OR EGF (emboli form, globose, fastigial) (inferior peduncle from vermis/flocculonodular lobes)

smooth out movement in IPSILATERAL limbs

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6
Q

cells in layers of cerebellar grey matter

  1. outer molecular
  2. Purkinje
  3. granule
A
  1. basket and stellate cells
  2. Purkinje cells
  3. Golgi and granule cells
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7
Q

Purkinje cells

A

only OUTPUT neurons from cerebellar cortex
synapse on deep nuclei
only input is from: mossy fibers

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8
Q

climbing fibers

A

only DIRECT input to Purkinje cells

originate in olivary nucleus

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9
Q

stellate and basket cells

A

inhibit Purkinje cells

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10
Q

granule and golgi cells

A

pass info from mossy fiber to Purkinje cell

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11
Q

mossy fibers

A

INDIRECT input to Purkinje fibers

synapse on: granule and golgi cells

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12
Q

Functional units of cerebellum: components

  1. vestibulocerebellum
  2. spinocerebellum
  3. cerebrocerebellum
A
  1. vestibular nuclei, flocculonodular lobe, inferior portion of paravermis, fastigial nuclei
  2. anterior lobe, vermis, superior vermis
  3. lateral portion of posterior lobe
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13
Q

vestibulocerebellum (archicerebellum)

  1. afferent
  2. efferent
  3. function
A

oldest

afferents: ipsilateral vestibular nuclei via inferior peduncle
efferents: to vestibular nuclei and inferior peduncle
function: coordinate eye, head, neck movements; maintain body balance

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14
Q

spinocerebellum (paleocerebellum)
2 pathways
1/2: afferent
3/4: efferent

A
  1. proprioception (muscle spindles, golgi tendon organs) to Clarke column (lower limb) and accessory cuneate nucleus (upper limb) to posterior spinocerebellar tract to posterior cerebellar peduncle to ipsilateral anterior cerebellum
    peripheral limb coordination
  2. UMN to spinal border cells that send copy of motor instructions to LMN to anterior spinocerebellar tract to superior cerebellar peduncle
    maintain posture of lower limbs
  3. truncal (vermis; fastigial): bilateral projections rubrospinal, vestibulospinal, reticulospinal
  4. limb movement (ipsilateral): EGF, VL of thalamus, motor cortex, corticospinal tract
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15
Q

cerebrocerebellum (neocerebellum)

  1. afferent
  2. efferent
  3. function
A

newest

  1. pontine nuclei
  2. dentate, VL thalamus
  3. automatic voluntary movements: hand-eye coordination, fluidity of language, automatic syntax and grammar
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16
Q

superior colliculus

A

reflex movement of eye, head, neck in response to visual/auditory/somatic stimuli

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17
Q

periaqueductal gray

A

ENK to suppress pain

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18
Q

medial geniculate body

A

thalamic relay for auditory info

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19
Q

lateral geniculate body

A

thalamic relay for visual into

20
Q

red nucleus

A

relay of cerebellar projections to thalamus

21
Q

superior cerebellar peduncle

A

cerebellum info to VL thalamus/ motor cortex

22
Q

How do tracts reach cerebellum?

A

inferior peduncle

exception: cerebellospinal tract via superior peduncle

23
Q

raphe nuclei

A

serotonin

mood, alertness, sleep/wake

24
Q

inferior and medial vestibular nuclei

A

regulate balance

25
Q

nucleus and tractus solitarius

A

sensory for taste and chemo/baroreceptors

CN VII, IX, X

26
Q

dorsal motor nucleus

A

PNS to lung and gut via CN X

27
Q

inferior olivary nucleus

A

climbing fibers to cerebellar Purkinje cells

28
Q

reticular formation

A

arousal (midbrain, pons), respiration and HR control in medulla

29
Q

lesions of brainstem

  1. long tract
  2. nuclei and fascicle
A
  1. contralateral

2. ipsilateral

30
Q

lesion at base of midbrain

  1. arterial supply
  2. structures involved
  3. Sx
A
  1. tip of basilar and/or PCA
  2. CN III, cerebral peduncle
  3. ipsilateral CN III paresis; contralateral hemiparesis
31
Q

lesion at midbrain tegmentum

  1. arterial supply
  2. structures involved
  3. Sx
A
  1. tip of basilar and/or PCA
  2. CN III, red nucleus, superior cerebral peduncle
  3. ipsilateral CN III paresis, contralateral tremor and ataxia
32
Q

lesion of midbrain base and tegmentum

  1. arterial supply
  2. structures involved
  3. Sx
A
  1. tip of basilar and/or PCA
  2. CN III, cerebral peduncle
  3. ipsilateral CN III paresis; contralateral hemiparesis, tremor, ataxia
33
Q

lesion at medial pons (base and tegmentum)

  1. arterial supply
  2. structures involved
  3. Sx
A
  1. paramedian branches of basilar artery
  2. corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts; CN VII (can involve PPRF and/or CN VI)
  3. contralateral hemiparesis, ipsilateral LMN facial paresis; can include ipsilateral gaze paresis
34
Q

lesion at medial medulla

  1. arterial supply
  2. structures involved
  3. Sx
A
  1. vertebral, paramedian branches
  2. corticospinal tract, medial lemniscus, CN XII
  3. contralateral arm/leg weakness, decrease in position/vibration; ipsilateral tongue weak
35
Q

lesion at lateral medulla1. arterial supply

  1. structures involved
  2. Sx

NEED TO KNOW

A
  1. vertebral or PICA
  2. vest. nuclei, inf. cerebellar peduncle, CN V, spinothalamic tract, sympathetic fibers, nucleus ambiguus and solitarius
  3. ipsilateral: ataxia, decrease face pain sensation, Horner’s; contralateral: decrease in body pain sensation; dysphagia, vertigo, nausea
36
Q

thalamic sensory/pain Nuclei

  1. VPL
  2. VPM
  3. dorsal medial
  4. centromedian
  5. parafascicular
A
  1. body (fast, discreetly localized)
  2. face (fast, discreetly localized)
  3. face/body (slow poorly localized)
  4. face/body (slow poorly localized)
  5. face/body (slow poorly localized)

VPL/M: info from neo-spinothalamci
rest: from paleo

37
Q

spinothalmic pathway

  1. neospinothalamic
  2. paleospinothalamic
A
  1. lateral sensory: fast, discriminative pain

2. medial affective: motivation, emotional response to pain: poorly localized

38
Q

substances that activate nociceptive receptors

A

H+, 5-HT, bradykinin, ATP, PGs

39
Q

what is released after nociceptive receptors are stimulated

A

CGRP

Sub. P

40
Q

What do CGRP and Sub. P activate

A

histamine release

41
Q

Nociceptive specific neurons (SPNs)

A

laminae I, II

only respond to Adelta and C fiber AP

42
Q

wide dynamic range neurons (WDRN)

A

laminae V
respond to pain and non-pain stimuli
graded potentials: repetitive C fiber AP lead to Wind Up

43
Q

Wind up (signal amplification)

A
  1. repetitive C fiber APs: glutamate activation of AMPA receptor and CGRP receptors leads to WDRN depol. and release of Mg block of NMDA channel; enhances Ca influx thru NMDA channel and inserts more Na channels and block of K channels
  2. Sub. P activates NK1 receptors: prolongs WDRN depol

threshold reduced by: CGRP, glutamate, sub. P

long lasting chronic pain and hyperalgesia

44
Q

mech. of pain modulation

A
  1. gate control
  2. descending pathways
  3. endogenous opioids
45
Q

gate control mech. of pain modulation

A

non-noxious stimuli attenuate pain at spinal cord (e.g rubbing)

Beta fibers activate dorsal column interneurons that inhibit WDRN neurons bleating activation of WDRN neurons in response to Adelta and C fiber activity

46
Q

descending pathways of pain modulation

A

cortex, amygdala, hypothalamus send info to periaqueductal gray and reticular formation to modulate lamina II neurons in dorsal horn to inhibit or facilitate pain

Neuro 1 (10 decks)

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