Stuff Flashcards
Types of sleep, wad stages are there? And how much % each stage has is in its sleep ?
Which stage is the most common
R.E.M. Sleep and non R.E.M. Sleep
R.E.M. Sleep consists of 25%
Non R.E.M. Sleep has 4 stage
1,2,3,4
Stage 1 has 5%
Stage two has 45% most common
Stage three 12%
Stage four 13%
Wad is shown in eeg for stage one sleep
Theta with sharp wVe
Stage two sleep has wad in eeg
K complex and sleep spindle
Stage 3 had wad in its eeg compared to stage 4 sleep
Stage three has >50% delta wave, stage 4 has >50% delta wave
Wad abnormalities u can see in Tourette ‘s syndrome
Striated dopaminergic Dysfunction
Wad u see in brain imaging for Parkinson’s
Depigmentation of substantial Nigra
Wad is the bad side effect of tacrine
Increased liver enzymes
Wad can we use to treat akathesia
Name 6
Clonazepam Dopamine agonist : ropinirole, l dopa Mirtazapine Mineserin Cyproheptidine Propranolol
Factors that causes QTC prolongation
Name 4-5
Female, HypoK HypoMG Hypo Cal Bradycardia
Wad cause antiemetic properties in amisulpride
D2 blockage
Wad drugs can cause depression
Name 7
Clonidine, cimetidine, propranolol, digoxin, furosemide, bromocriptine, phenothiazine, methydopa
Wad is intrinsic activity
Efficacy of resulting functional response
Wad diuretic drugs can be given to lithium
Loop diuretics eg furosemide
Name 4 things tat can not be eaten with concurrent MAOI
Broad beans, red wine, cheese, pickled herrings
Wad type of drugs mianerine is
Inhibitor of noradrenaline, alpha 2 antagonist and weak alpha 1 blocker
Name 2 type 1 metabolic phase 1 stuff
Hydrolysis, oxidation
Name 4 metabolic phase 2 stuff
Methylation, glucorinadation, conjugation, n-acetylation
Smoking can increase or decrease
1) clozapine
2) caffeine
3) cyp1a2
Decrease clozapine
Decrease caffeine
Increase cyp1a2 metabolism
Name three symptoms tat can happen in tia anterior circulation and posterior circulation
Anterior: hemiplegia, aphasia, amaurosis fulgax, visual loss,
Posterior: ataxia, dysarthria, diplopia, vertigo, vomiting
Wad is Kluver bucy syndrome
3 symptoms
Where is the lesion
Hypersexuality, oral exploration, agitation
Bilateral lesion of amygdala and hippocampus
EEG in ad
Generalized background slowing
Effects on drugs for eeg
Lithium
Antidepressant
Antipsychotics
Lithium: Decrease alpha wave
Antidepressant and antipsychotics: increase alpha, theta and delta, decrease beta
Effects of opioids to eeg
Decrease alpha, increase voltage of theta and delta
Alcohol on eeg
Normal and withdrawal
Increase alpha, increased theta.
Withdrawal increase beta
Dot has fast beta activities
Benzo in eeg
Increase beta, decrease alpha
Kleive levin syndrome
Three symptoms
Where is the lesion
Hyperplasia, hypersexuality, hyper somnolence, hyperactivity
Hypothalamus abnormality
Cause by viral illness
Leptin
Cause wad
Where
Adipose tissue
Control food intake- anorexigenic
Ghrelin
Cause wad
Where
Increase appetite At stomach (p cell) and pancreass
Neuroleptic y
Increase food intake
Decrease physical activities increased in fat ppl
Wad mediates in hypothermic Centre
Preoptic anterior hypothalamus
What mediates the hyperthermic centre
Post hypothalamus
What are the hold test for WAIS
Name 3
Vocab, information object assortment, pic completion
Wad lobe is involved in nominal aphasia
Parietal
Wad cause alexia without Agraphia, which part of it
Wad artery involved
Splenum of corpus callosum
Post cerebral artery
Wad does Gcs do
Predict mortality
Mortality 70% if <8
Robertsonian translocation causes wad type of fusion results
Metacentric fusion results
Wad causes a kinetic mutism wad vessels are involved
Cingulate gyrus
Ant cerebral artery
Name two parts that are asymmetrical in the brain
Hesch’s gyrus and planum tegmentum
Which area of the brain affects n cause depression
Hypothalamus
Types of receptors
Name 3
1) inotropic : ligand gate
2) metabotropic: G protein
3) ligand dependent regulators of nuclear transcription (nuclear receptors)
Examples for ionotropic receptors name 3
GABA A
NMDA
5HT 3
What psychotropic cause whitish brownish deposits in the eye
Chlorpromazine
What is first to go for normal pressure hydrocephalus after shunting
Gait
What is hayling test
Hayling sentence completion test
What is Brixton test
Brixton spatial anticipation test
To detect rules in sequence in formula
No verbal response needed
Where hemiballismus lesion is
Infarcts of contralateral subthalamic nucleus
Name 6 tat causes autism
Fragile x syndrome, Down’s syndrome, Rett syndrome, tuberous sclerosis, neurofibromatosis, hypomelanosis of Ito
Wad is the increase risk of Alzheimer disease
With epo E allele
Five
How to identity fragile x syndrome with wad deprivation with its cell
Thymidine
Who propose endophetype concepts
Gottesman
Wad gene and type of transmission for Tay Sachs
Death by wad age
Hexosamidose A
Auto recessive
Death by 4
Which part of brain will hav disgust
Insula
Symptoms for cerebellum flucconodular (vestibular) lesion
Name 3
Loss of equilibrium and gait
Nystagmus
Ataxia
Symptoms for lateral cerebrocerebellum of the cerebellum
Loss of planned movement, hypotonia, dysarthria
Wad connects both hemisphere
Which part of it
Gene of corpus callosum
Which ions are helpful in CNS hyperpolarisation
Chloride, potassium
Which dopamine receptors is at pre and post synaptic junction
D1 and d5
Which is the most powerful opioid endogenous peptide
Dynorphin
Wad causes female pseudo hemaphrodism
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Valproate causes wad hepotitoxicity in terms of 1 in how many
1 in 100000
Wad drug can help with Ren sleep behaviour
Clonazepam
The factors tat cause clozapine induced neutropenia
Name 3
Race Afro Carribean , Asian, jewish
Increasing age
Low baseline WCC
Female gender
Wad drugs can help treat narcolepsy
Methylphenidate for day time sleepiness
Modafinil for drop attacks
SSRI/TCA to decrease R.E.M. Sleep
Clozapine can cause thromboembolism for how Long?
3 months
Wad is Wallenberg syndrome
Where is the artery involve
Wad symptoms
Where is the lesions
Brain stem lesions
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery
Cerebellar signs + facial drop (Horner’s syndrome), facial numbness, Diplopia
Normal rate for late onset Alzheimer’s
7%
Rate of first degree relative for ad
2nd degree
Monozygotic twins
15-20%
2nd degree 10%
Monozygotic twins 80%-85%
Wad is a weakly eosinophilic, spherical cytoplamic inclusion
Lewy body
Wad is Neurites that increase reputable of dopamine that could b toxic
Alpha synuclein
Wad is large swollen neurons, cells, lass of noisily substance, peripherally displaces nucleus
Picks bodies
When theory of the mind develops
4 years
Wad is good for children n adults with communication n language difficulties
Makaton vocab
Time and severity for post traumatic amnesia
Mild less than 1 hour
Moderate 1 to 24 hours
Sever more than 1 day
Short term memory is often in wad modality
Acoustic
Who propose body type with personalities ?
Kretschmer
Where the stm is usually stored
How abt ltm
STM: prefrontal
Ltm; hippocampus and entorhinal cortex
Wad is latah
Exaggerated response after being startled
Echolalia, echopraxia
Where is neuroasthesia being categorised
Other neurotic disorder
Wad drug can cause positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia
Phencyclidine a non competitive nmda
Ftd family history how many percentage
50%
Wad drugs can cause water intoxication
How many percentage u see in chronic schizophrenia
Estasy
20%
Wad chromosome is affected in hung ting on
Wad u can see in mri
Chromosome 4
Degeneration of striatum
Who propose derailment ?
Cameron
Wad is Zar
Spirit possession
Laughing shouting
Dissociative episode
Wad drugs causes pinpoint pupils
Heroin
Wad is the word lethological means
Blocking, tip of the tongue
Wad consists of corpus striatum
Put amen and caudate
Wad consists of lentiform
Putamen and globus pallidus
Wad made from telencephalon named 3
Cerebrum
Corpus striatum
Pallidum
Wad make Diencephalon
Name three
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Pineal body
Wad made from mescephalon
Name three
Mid brain
Red nucleus
Tegmentum colliculli
What is made from metcephalon name two
Pons, cerebellum
Wad made myecephalon
Caudal part of medulla oblongata
Wad two things take part in the reward system
Nucleus accumbuns
Ventral tegmentum
Where is Broca
Left Inferior frontal cortex
Wad part helps in Recognising faces
Fusiform gyrus
Wad and wad is enthorhinal cortex
Wad vessel help it
Temporal lobe
Helps in Long term memory and navigation
Posterior cerebral artery
Where is ventral tegmental area
Mid brain
Wad vessel can cause Colour processsing be affected
Left posterior cerebral artery
Wad does cck involved in
Beta endorphin
Orexin
Vasopressin
Glutamate
Anxiety
Beta: mood
Orexin: circadian rhythm
Vaso : cognition
Glutamate: memory
Wad gene does Rhett gets involved
XMecp2
Where does nicotine acts
Acts at acetylcholine receptors
What neuro peptide
Can affect Huntington disease
Substance P will b decreased
Endocannabines is associated with wad disorder
Schizophrenia
Neurotensin is associated with wad disorder
Schizophrenia
Wad chromosome affects William syndrome
7
Wad chromosome affects venlocardiofacial syndrome
22
Wad is the Symptoms of William syndrome
Sociable, verbal better than spatial
Triad
Facial, hypercalcemia, supra valvular stenosis
What is a ataxic gait
Board base
Wide
Waddling involves wad disorder
Pregnancy, proximal muscle probs
Wad causes stomping gait name 3
Peripheral neuropathy Dorsal Coloumns B12 probs Diabetes Friedreichs ataxia
What causes steppage gait
Peroneal nerve palsies
Charcot Marie’s tooth
What causes scissoring gait
UMN, CEREBRAL PALSY
Wad causes scanning speech
Cerebellar disorder
Wad will a lmn lesion speech sound like
How abt umn
Flaccid tongue, nasal quality
UMN: imprecise articulation
Spastic, contracted tongue , hoarse, high pitch
Aura is seen in what kind of seizures
Complex partial seizures
Wad drugs will cause increase prolactism
Wad drug will cause prostatism
1) amisulpride
2) amitriptyline
Percentage of clozapine for seizure of more than how many?
5%
More than 600
Usually clozapine associated neutropenia occur within how many week
20
Percentage of mortality for nms
20-25%, 30% if depot
Name four antidepressants that is useful for pregnancy
Imipramine, Nortripline, amitriptyline, fluoxetine
Wad is the percentage of gi bleed if ssri is added with wad?
Aspirin 43%
Lithium will show wad in ecg
Flattening or inversion of ecg
Name 5 things that will be caused by alpha 1 blockage
And wad can be caused by stimulation
Blockage : priapism, retrograde evacuation, impotence, hypotension, anorganism
Simulation: insomnia
Wad is special abt amantadine
Helps Parkinson and the flu
Half life of risperidone
24
Half life of lithium
Around 1 day
Half life of clozapine
Around 15
Half life of sodium valproate
Around 15 hours
When usually need to off oral stuff when start depot
2-3 months
Name 4 things that increase lithium concentration
Thiazides
NSAIDs
Fluoxetine
Ace inhibitor
Name 3 things that decrease lithium concentration
Aminophyllin
Osmotic diuretic
Caffeine
Name 5 things tat does not increase concentration of lithium but will increase toxicity
Carbamazepine Haloperidol clozapine Calcium channel blocker Metronidazole Atracurium
Normal dose for duloxetine
60 to 120
Varanicline for wad and how
Smoking cessation
Alpha 4, beta 2 unit of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
Name 4 test in verbal component for wais
Arthemtric, digit span, vocab, information , comprehension,
Name 4 test for performance in WAIS
Picture arrangement, block design, digit symbol, matrix reasoning
Wad is epileptic automaticism and how Long
Confusion during and after seizure
Seconds to minutes
Risk of alcohol dependence in family
4
Risk of panic disorder In family
4-8
Where is isomer of maoi expressed
Chromosome x
Which part of the Brain in control of taste
Insula, inf. frontal gyrus
Where is the genetic component of ADHD
D4 dopamine drd4
Which part of the brain will not hav bbb
Name 4
Subfornical organ
Post pituitary
Median eminence
Area postremia
Agencies of corpus callosum is due to
Disorder of neuranal migration
Prolactin is secreted by wad nucleus at where
Actuate nucleus at ant pituitary
Wad psychotropic causes sweating
SSRI
Pigeon gait Is for
Hip dysplasia
Wad does arcuate fasculus attach
Frontal to inferior parietal
Wad does medial geniculate n inf collicili do
Auditory
Wad does inf, Long fasiculus connect
Temporal to occipital
What is milkman grip
Chorea
Myeson signs
Glabellar tap
Gedenkenlautwarden is
Thought echo
Déjà pensee is
Familiarity towards a thought
Deja entendee is
Familiarity of a voice
Name phobia for Lightning Height Pain Dust
Astro phobia
Acrophobia
Odynophobia
Amantophobia
Wad cause syphilis
Treponema pallidum
When deductive reasoning is achieved in which stage in Piaget?
Formal operational stage
Who propose a theory of identity development in children, independent of their mothers?
Margaret Mahler
Which test utilised the theory of the big five personality constructs
NEO INVENTORY
Wad is the term that denotes feeling of familiarity that accompanies the return of stored Material to consciousness
Recognition
How to reduce group think
Name 4
Open debate
Acknowledge group think
Seeking external opinion
Splitting groups into small units for discussion
Reserving leader’s opinion until after group discussions
Wad is the first written account on ethical aspects of medicine
Ishaq bin ali al-ruhawi
Wad is Mobitz 1
Prolonging pr, longer and longer
Wad model propose reducing stigma by demanding equal rights and criminal responsibility for the mentally ill?
Libertarian model
Equal right with non-discrimination
Wad is tearoom trade study
Who did it
Male sexual behaviour
Laud Humphries
Who propose malignant alienation
Wad is it
Morgan
progressive deterioration in the relationship between carers (staff in a ward) and a patient, including loss of sympathy and support from members of staff, who tended to construe these patients’ behaviour as provocative, unreasonable, or overdependent.
Cultural analysis refers to
Norms in a group
Wad is the basis of official classification in Britain
Occupational status
Wad need to aware of when diagnosis tics
Check presence of obsessions
Icd 10 schizophrenia how many months ah
1 month
Icd 10 delusion disorder Need last for how Long ha
3 months
Which one has extra personality disorder and wad disorder is it?
Icd has dissocial
Which icd or Dsm ‘s schizophrenia has disorganised shiz
Dsm 5
Schizotypal diorder in Dsm is under wad
Personality disorder
Who first described bulimia Nervosa
Russel
Wad will have wing beating tremors
Wilson’s disease
Wad opnia u will hvae iwthbtemporla lseion
Upper quandrantanopnia
Laxative diarrhoea will hav wad complication
Metabolic acidosis
Wad test can be use to different mild cognitive impairment and dementia
Addenbrooks cognitive examination
Which mobitz has same pr
Mobitz type 2
Wad can cause magnetic gait
Normal pressure hydrocephalus
Normal hydrocephalus
Wad are the three triad
Magnetic gait
Dementia
Lastly urine incontinence
Wad correlate severity of AD
Burden of neurofibrillary tangle
Number of -league
Wad can cause by hyperventilation
Parasthesia (can be unilateral) usually upper extremities , weakness, dizziness, palpitation, Chest pain , tetanus cramps
Perioral numbness
Wad is nerfiza
Cultural bound syndrome tat usually at Greece, Egypt, Mexico, Attack of the nerves
Episodes of despair with anxiety with somatic complains
What is susto
In Mexico, South America,
Loss of one soul after a fright reaction in presence of someone else’s death or illness
Symptoms included tics, diarrhoea, agitation, anorexia, insomnia
Which symptom based subtype of OCD will hav a high genetic risk
Symmetry/ordering rituals
Which OCD will be resistant to SSRI
Name 2
Which will n resistant to cbt
Name 2
Both: hoarding and sexual/religious obsessional thoughts
What is Gegenhalten
resistance/negativism. Patients with negativism resist or oppose all passive movements attempted by the examiner. A mild form of this resistance is Gegenhalten or opposition.
Amphetamine. An last for how Long in urine
48 hours
Cocaine can elapse for how Long in urine
6-8 hours
But metabolites can last up to 2-4 days
Heroin can last for how Long in urine
1-3 days
Methadone can last for how Long in urine
More than 3 days
Wad is bandura propose?
Bandurra social learning theory. Learning can be simply be done by observing the behaviour of others and the outcomes
Codeine can last up to how Long Ing urine
48 hours
Morphine can last for how Long in urine
2-3 days
Benzo can last up to how Long in urine
Around 3 days
Nomifensine withdrawn due to
withdrawn due to haemolytic anemia
Oso can cause hepatotoxicity
Wad causes tardive dyskinesia
High d2 sensitivity
Lithium can do wad do seizure threshold
Lower
Wad drugs can cause hyperparathyroidism
Lithium
Which drug is associated with acne
Lithium
Amitriptyline affects wad tat cause antichilinergic symptoms
M3 blockage
Which antidepressant is associated with increased elevated cholesterol ?
Mirtazapine
Which are features of SSRI discontinuation syndrome
Name 6
Increase dreams, dizziness, electric shock like sensation, insomnia, headache, left hart , gi symptoms
Mood change
Which anti Dementia stuff can secret an allosteric action on nicotinic receptors
Gallantamine
Akathesia is due to
High dopamine d2 receptor occupancy in striatum
Disulfirma does wad
Inhibit aldehyde dehydrogenase
Cocaine withdrawal name 4
Anhedonia, anxiety, irritability, hypersomnolence, intense craving for cocaine,
Glutamine acts via wad type of receptors
Nmda receptors
Wad is xanomeline
Treatment for schizophrenia
M1/m4 agonism
Wad causes hypersalivation for clozapine
Alpha 2 blockage
M4 agonism
Wad kind of route can drugs reach Brain quickly
Inhalation
How Sodium valproate affects carbamazepine
How does chlorpromazine affects sodium valproate
Increases carbamazepine
Chlorpromazine increase sodium valproate
Flu maze nil is a wad type of drug
Wad is the protein binding
Competitive antagonist of benzodiazepine at gaba a receptor .
50%
Lithium does it excrete through great milk
Yes
Wad does Rey oysterreith does
Measure recall of learned material
Visual memory
Post concussion syndrome mostly affect wad
Speed of processing
Wad is so great abt river mead Behavioural memory test
detects impairment of everyday memory functioning and also monitors changes following the treatment for memory difficulties
Wad are the 4-5 criteria that can be use to define an endophenotype
Marker is associated with the illness in population
Heritable
State independant
Cosegregates the illness with in families
Present at higher rate in unaffected family members of pro and compared to general population
Wad dis the norm huntingin repeats
Less than 28
40 or more will hav hd
Transcription take place in
Nucleus
The technique used to assemble correct DNA fragments from a gene library into a continuous overlapping stretch is
Physical mapping
Early onset dementia is usually caused by which 3 genes
Presenillin 1,2, amyloid precursor protein
Ribosome do wad
Protein synthesis
Translation usually carry out at
Ribosome
Middle cerebral artery supplies blood to name 6
Broca, wernickes, hescl’s , plenum tegmentum, angular gyrus, most part of corpus striatum, basal ganglia
Lateral motor and sensory strip
Posterior artery supply name 3
Cuneus, inferior temporal gyrus, lingual gyrus
Wad can be seen in schizophrenia MRI activity
Reduced grey matter density and neuronal activity
Reduced activation at left temporal lobe and anterior cingulate cortex
Wad lobe affects attention
Parietal lobe helps in Engagementan disengagement of attention
Wad does ependymal cells do
Aids flow of Csf, lining the walls of ventricular systems
Which of the following enzymes is seen only in the neuron and not in the glial cells?
Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase
Mao b usually can be found in
Brain
Mao a usually can be found in
Liver and gut
Most common sildenafil side effect is
Name 5
Headache [most], nasal stuffiness, facial flushing, indigestion, blue tinge in vision
Low 5-HIAA in csf is associated with
Impulsivity
Nitric oxide is synthesised form wad and by wad
L-arginine
Nitric oxide synthase
Which Human spongiform encephalopathy has slowest course
Three symptoms pls
Kuru - 40 years
By ritual cannabalism
Progressive cerebellar ataxia, dementia and death
Which of the following neural structures is strongly implicated in the regulation of P50 suppression, a proposed endophenotype in schizophrenia?
Hippocampus
Wad are the vessel involving in
Most of cerebellar
Cerebellum vermis
Most including peduncle sand nuclei are by superior cerebellar artery
Vermis is by posterior inferior cerebellar artery
Locus coerulus is transmit wad
Where is it
Norepinephrine
Pons
Wad can cause by dominant occipital lesion
name 3
Alexia without Agraphia, Colour agnosia, visual object agnosia
Wad can cause by non dominant occipital lesion
name 3
Complex visual hallucinations, prospagnosia, visuospatial agnostia
Wad is selegeline
Mao b inhibitor
Wad can cause the grape juice effect
Name 7
Will downregulate intestinal (not Liver) cyp 3a4
Nimodipine, felodipine, carbamazepine, Midazolam, triazolam, simvastatin, methyprednisolone, buspirone and pimozide
Wad drugs can cause severe postural hypotension name 2
Clozapine and risperidone
Which antipsychotic is most associated with nausea and vomiting and y
Aripiprazole
Due to 5ht3 partial agonist actions
Acute relive of tardive dyskinesia
Increasing neuroleptic 0_0
Most well establish risk of developing late onset tardive dyskinesia
Increasing age
Risk factor of akathesia
Name 2
Older age and female
Common side effect of acamprosate
Nausea
Low serum iron is associated with which two neuroleptic side effect
Nms and epse
Wad drugs should not be given with maoi name 4 types
Antidepressant, painkillers, stimulants, tramadol, pentidine, cough syrup, salbutamol
Nasal decongestant spray (rise in hypertension)
How does sinadefil works
Inhibiting phosphodiesterase
Increasing nitric oxide
Act as a vasodilator for penis smooth muscle.
Wad is riluzole
Nmda receptors antagonist
Wad is the mechanism of atomoxetine
Noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor
How does trazodone works
Serotonin 2 antagonism
Serotonin reuptake blockage
Alpha 1 and 2 antagonism
Antihistamine properties
Wad can be affected by acetylation status
Mao inhibitor, iso azide, Sufalazine.
Which Anti dementia will be excreted by urine
Memantine.
How alcohol is metabolised
1) alcohol dehydrogenase.
2) microsomal ethanol oxidising system meos by induction of p450
Percentage of woman developing lithium hypothyroidism
% of ppl experience side effect of lithium
20% middle age woman
66%
Wad does bixon test do
Visuospatial sequencing
Wad are the 4-5 endophenotype of schizophrenia
Impaired attentional performance Working memory deficits Prepulsive inhibition: Eye movement dysfunctions Impaired p50 suppression Incorrect Lack of sensory gating
The form of Down’s syndrome, which is as likely to have come from father as that of mother’s chromosome, is
Robertsonian translocation
Which personality disorder has the highest support for genetics
Schizotypal pd
Deficiency of Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase developed increased acid is wad a?
Which gene
Wad mode
Wad does it do
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
X link recessive disease, usually boys
Overproduction of Uric acid
Self harm around 3 years old, biting lips and tongue, poor iq, facial grimacing, repetitive movement of limbs like in hungtinton
E4 is associated with wad 4 stuff
Alzheimer's Parkinson Intercerebral hamorrhage , cardiac bypass surgery Recovering from head injury Her-es simplex encephalitis
Autism
Among twins
Heritability
60%
Heritability : 90%
The breakdown enzymes involved in degradation of noradrenaline in presynaptic neurons are
monoamine oxidase (MAO-A) and catechol-o-methyl-transferase (COMT)
Eating disorder has Low wad
Leptin
R.E.M. Sleep disorder usually is associated with wad
Lewy body dementia
Most important side effect of galatamine is
Bradycardia
Nocturnal myoclonus can seen in wad psychotropics
Can use wad to help
SSRI
Benzo and levodopa
Terazosin is use for wad side effects
Sweating from SSRI
Wad is si-rna
double-stranded RNA molecule, involving in RNA interference pathway, where it interferes with expression of a specific gene.
T rna is for wad
a small RNA molecule that transfers a specific active aminoacid to growing polypeptide chain at the ribosomal site of protein synthesis during translation. It also has a terminal site for amino acid attachment.
Hence: Provides a bridge between m-RNA and amino acids
Wad Enzymes which attaches amino acids to t-RNA
Aminoacyl t-RNA synthetase
Which tca has the
most serotonergic reuptake selective
Most antihistamine activity
Most noradrenergic
Serotonic :clomipramine
Antihistamine : doxepine
Noradrenergic selective: desmiprasine
Potency of a drug with receptor binding action refers to the
amount of the drug needed to produce a particular effect compared to another standard drug with similar receptor profile
Wad is efficacy
Efficacy refers to how well the drug produces the expected response
Hypothalamus is supply by wad vessels
Anterior communicating vessel
Basal ganglia is supply by wad vessels
Medial cerebral artery
Anterior limb of internal capsule is supply by wad name two vessel
Anterior cerebral artery
Anterior communicating artery
Wad can be seen in Mri Brain of multiple scelerosis
white matter hypointensities affecting corpus callosum. If fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) MRI is used, periventricular high-signal intensity lesions can be observed.
Depressive disorder for old ppl can show wad in MRI name 4
periventricular and deep WM hyperintensities,
subcortical thalamic and striatal hyperintensities,
decreased frontal and basal ganglia volumes,
and decreased metabolism in prefrontal cortex.
Wad can be seen in schizo with Brian imaging
Neuroimaging findings in schizophrenia include ventricular enlargement and loss of grey matter - especially insula, anterior cingulate cortex, medial temporal lobe and dorsolateral pre-frontal cortex with some progressive loss of brain volume in the first few years of diagnosis.
fMRI shows poor dorsolateral pre-frontal cortex activation in executive tasks, while decreased N-acetyl aspartate in prefrontal cortex is seen in spectroscopy.
Korsakoff can hav wad lesions
Dorsal medial thalamus,
Mammillary bodies
Astrocyte can do wad three things
nutrition of neurons,
breakdown of some neurotransmitters,
and maintaining the blood-brain barrier
