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Misc Facts For Mrcpsych > Addtional Stuff Pt 2 > Flashcards

Addtional Stuff Pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Wad structure separates the two lateral ventricles in the human brain

A

Septum Pellicidum

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2
Q

Dentate Gyrus is supplied by

Where is it

A

The Post cerebral artery

Hippocampus

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3
Q

Name 4 things that can happen with left hemisphere lesions

A

Alexia, Agraphia, acalculia, colour anomia without aphasia, Broca, wernicke and Gerstmann syndrome

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4
Q

Right hemisphere lesions may produce wad name 5

A

Constructional apraxia, prospagnosia, somatopagnosia/auto-pagnostia, visual spatial agnosia, asonogsia, neglect, receptive amusia (loss appreciation to music)

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5
Q

What enzyme is only seen in astrocytes

A

Glutamate dehydrogenase

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6
Q

Prefrontal cortex occupied __% of the brain

A

30

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7
Q

Percentage of left handed ppl who’s still has left dominant brain hemisphere
How about both hemisphere ?

A

64%

16% for both

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8
Q

Disorder of verbal and pictorial memory is at which hemisphere

A

The non dominant one

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9
Q

Beta cell can be found at where

A

10% of total cell population in Lavern 5 of the human primary motor cortex

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10
Q

Most common neural cells in cerebral cortex is

Second most common?

A

Pyramidal cells (75%)

Stella the cells 25% present in all layers except layer 1

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11
Q

Where is nucleus accumbens

A

At the ventral striatum , proximal to heal of caudate nucleus and anterior portion of the putamen

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12
Q

Lentiform consist of wad and is affect in wad disorder

A

Putamen and globus pallidum

OCD

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13
Q

Where is ventral tegmental area

A

Midbrain

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14
Q

Transient ischemia of carotid system can produce

A

Aphasia

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15
Q

Wad acts as a satiety center

Wad acts a s a feeding centre

A

Satiety centre : ventral medial hypothalamus

feeding centre: Lateral hypothalamus

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16
Q

brain region, which could show prominent changes in early AD, is;

A

Enthorhinal cortex

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17
Q

Electrical synapse are abundant is which two area

A

Retina and cerebral cortex of animals

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18
Q

Hippocampus is supplied by

A

Posterior cerebral artery

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19
Q

Anomia can occur in which lesion

A

Posterior lesion of parietal cortex especially angular gyrus

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20
Q

Name 5 stuff in Limbic papez circuit

A

Hippocampus, Amygdala, septal nuclei, fornix, parahippocampal gyrus and mammillothalamic tract with its bodies, cingulate gyrus, ant. Thalami nucleus, enthorhinal cortex

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21
Q

Purkinje cell can do wad
Where is it

Wad type of neurotransmitter

A

Cerebellar cortex, only output for all motor coordination in the cerebellar cortex

Gabanergic

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22
Q

Lateral geniculate body is involved in wad sensory pathway

A

Visual

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23
Q

Internal capsule is supply by

A

Circle of Willis
le cerebral artery while the inferior half is supplied by the recurrent artery of Heubner arising from the anterior cerebral artery. The genu receives supply from lenticulostriate branches of middle cerebral artery, while posterior limb is supplied by the lenticulostriate branches of middle cerebral artery (superior half) and anterior choroidal artery off of the internal carotid artery (inferior half).

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24
Q

Name three pure sensory cranial nerve

A

Olfactory, optic and vestibulocochlear nerves

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25
Q

Neuronal cells can be classified in to wad types

A

Golgi type 1 : Long axons
Golgi type 2: short axons
Amacrine: no axons

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26
Q

Mirror neurons is where

A

Inferior frontal cortex

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27
Q

What are the three layers of cerebellar and wad does it consists

A

The molecular layer consisting of basket cell and stellate cell, Purkinje layer consisting of Purkinje cell and a granular layer consisting of granule and Golgi cell.

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28
Q

Neurosphyilis can show wadin eeg

A

non-specific increase in slow waves occurring diffusely over the scalp.

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29
Q

Wad kind of eeg can be seen in Sub acute sclerosing pan encephalitis

A

high amplitude repetitive bilaterally synchronous symmetrical polyphasic sharp wave and slow wave complexes, which occur every 4-15 seconds

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30
Q

The classic EEG finding in CJD is

A

generalized 1-2 Hz bi- or triphasic sharp- and slow-wave complexes.

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31
Q

R.E.M. Start in which receptor stimulation

A

Cholinergic receptors

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32
Q

Normal dominant alpha rhythm is usually seen at which age

A

12-14

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33
Q

Neuropeptides
Name 3!

They act wad and wad

A

Neurotransmitter and hormones

Endorphins, vasopressin, enkephalins

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34
Q

Two stuff tat is secreted by posterior pituitary hormone

A

Oxytocin and vasopressin

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35
Q

Things to note after ECT

A

Reduced alpha 2 and beta noradrenergic receptor
Increased noradrenaline turnover

Reduced brain 5-HT2 receptors

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36
Q

How does Stimulant affect sleep

A

Decreasing both R.E.M. Sleep and slow wave sleep

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37
Q

Noradrenaline

A

Locus coerulus

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38
Q

Acetylcholine is where

A

the nucleus basalis of Meynert

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39
Q

What is the rate-limiting step in the synthesis of dopamine

A

Tyrosine Hydroxylase

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40
Q

Wad is the peripheral metabolite of noradrenaline

A

Vanillyl mendalic acid (VMA)

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41
Q

The breakdown enzyme involved in GABA metabolism is

A

GABA transaminase.

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42
Q

What is an indolamine

A

Serotonin

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43
Q

Where does phospholipids get produced in a cell

A

Smooth ER

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44
Q

Neurochemical changes in the brain involved

A

Decreased acetylcholinesterase
Decrease choline acetyltransferase
Decreased GABA levels and adrenaline

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45
Q

Where u see d1 and d2

D3

D4
D5 predominantly

A

D1-2 at caudate and putamen
D3 nucleus accumbens
D4 prefrontal cortex
D5 hippocampus

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46
Q

How does ketamine works

A

Non competitive antagonist at NMDA receptors

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47
Q

Wad receptors increase adenylate cyclase to stimulate cell machiner

A

Beta receptors

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48
Q

What are carrot-shaped eosinophilic inclusions seen in hematoxylin and eosinophilic stain

Wad it is usually seen in

A

Rosenthal fibres

Alexander leukodystrophy

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49
Q

Which receptor is a rosette shape

A

GABA-A and NMDA

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50
Q

What enzymes mediate several catalytic reactions involving aminoacids that synthesize neurotransmtters such as dopamine, serotonin and tryptamin

A

Oxidase

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51
Q

DNA to RNA is called

RNA to protein is called

A

DNA to RNA => transcription

RNA to protein is call translation

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52
Q

Rett’s syndrome has wad characteristic

A

Deceleration of head circumference, learning disability and stereotyped hand movements

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53
Q

dementia seen in adults with Down’s syndrome is due to

A

Extra genetic material in chromosome 21

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54
Q

How does Genome-Wife association studies are based on

A

linkage disequilibrium (LD), using several hundred thousand marker single nucleotide polymorphisms or SNPs

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55
Q

Autistic children
Relative risk with 1 affected sibling
Relative risk with 2 affected sibling

A

50 times

300 times

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56
Q

Heritability of bipolar disorder is

A

75-85%

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57
Q

Which enzymes mediate the binding of tRNA with amino acids

A

Aminoacyl synthetase

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58
Q

Different blotting techniques

Southern blot:

Western blot:

A
  • Southern blotting is a widely used method for the detection of a specific , large sequence in DNA. Can use to visualise restriction fragment length polymorphism.
    -Western blotting is used method for the detection of specific protein after electrophoresis. The sample is electrophoresed on a polyacrylamide gel, then, blotted to a membrane. The membrane is incubated with the antibody to the specific protein.
  • Northern blotting is a detection method for a specific RNA after electrophoresis.
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59
Q

What is a physical feature of turner
Name 3

How abt parade Willi -name 5
What problem will it have for children

A

Webbed beck, short stature, brad chest, retrognathism

PD : short obese, microorchidiam, almond shaped eyes, flat face, prominent forehead
Congenital dislocation of the hip

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60
Q

PCR techniques

5 step

A

1) denatured DNA to single strand
2) Annealing DNA by cooling
3) Primers bind to target DNA
4) DNA polymerase is used to extend primes in opposite directions
5) replicating

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61
Q

Which cells remain in G0 indefinitely

A

Liver and neuron cells

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62
Q

One centiMorgan is

A

1% recombination frequency between two loci

Approximately 1 mil

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63
Q

Autism involved in wad gene and at where

A

Shank3 (at chromosome 22)

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64
Q

CADASIL is wad and was gene is involved

A

Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriography with subcortical infarcts and leucfoencephalopathy

NOTCH 3

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65
Q

Heritability Is a measure of

A

Genetic contribution to phenotypic variation in population

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66
Q

When the same disease phenotype is caused by mutations in different loc

A

Locus heterogeneity

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67
Q

Turner syndrome usually the X is from whose side

A

Maternal

68
Q

What the hell is a Barr body

A

Inactivation of X chromosome

All X chromosomes in a cell are inactivated except one, irrespective of original number of X chromosomes in a cell

69
Q

Name 4 things that is implicated in schizophrenia

A

Neuroregulin, COMT, dybindin, D aminoacid oxidase

70
Q

What is the risk of Alzheimer dementia in a patient heterozygous for Apo E4 compared to those with no apoE4 allele?

How abt homo?

A

3 times higher

15 times higher

71
Q

What values of the log of odds [LOD score] is commonly used as a threshold level of significance in linkage studies?

How abt significance of NON linkage ?

A

more than 3

Less than -2

72
Q

What is Hardy-Weinberg principle

A

The carrier frequency is twice the square root of the frequency of a disease.

73
Q

Noon an syndrom is wad kind of transmission

Three characteristics

A

Autosomal dominant

Short stature, congenital heart defects, delayed mental development
Short neck, Low set ears, hypertelorism (increased distance between two organ or bodily parts )

74
Q

PKU transmission

Wad enzyme is affected

A

Autosomal recessive

Phenylalanine hydroxylase

75
Q

Friedreich’s ataxia

Wad repeated stuff, more than how many
Mode of transmission

A

Triplet codon of GAA, more than 22

Autosomal recessive

76
Q

Which phenomena explain most of the epigenetic variations

A

DNA methylation and histone modification

77
Q

Who propose genotype and phenotype

A

Wilhelmina Johanssen

78
Q

Most common type of mutation for thalassemia

Type of transmission

A

Missense
Most common single gene in the world

Autosomal Recessive

79
Q

Premutant carriers of fragile x expansions may show

Wad for males
For females

A

Males: tremors and ataxia

Females: premature ovarian failure and/or mild cognitive or behavioural abnormalities

80
Q

Velocardiofacial syndrome can be name as wad also
And wad chromosome it has affected

Name 5 things that might be compatible with this diagnosis

A

Di George

Chromosome 22

Pharyngeal insufficiency, supra-valvular aortic stenosis, HYPOcalcemia, fish mouth, learning difficulties, HYPOparathyroidism, seizure

81
Q

What are the late onset AD

Wads chromosome

A

APO E

Chromosome 19

82
Q

Name at least 3-4 genetic loci that is associated with early onset AD

A

Chromosome 1 Presenilin 2
Chromosome 17 tau protein
Chromosome 21 Beta amyloid
Chromosome 14 Presenilin 1

83
Q

Fragile X syndrome: name 4 characteristics

What gene

A

macroorchidism, large ears, prominent jaw, a high-pitched voice, and mental retardation

FMR1

84
Q

COMT is coded in which gene

A

22q11

85
Q

Gene that encode serotonin transporter is call

A

SL6CA4

86
Q

What condition results from abnormal progranulin

A

FTD-Primary progressive aphasia

87
Q

Name 4 characteristics of Edwards. Syndrome

Wad chromosome

A

Trisomy 18

Rocker bottom feet, ID, micrognathia, congenital heart disease clenched hand, prominent occipital

88
Q

Life time risk of depression is
In relatives of bipolar pro and
Unipolar disorder for first degree
Monozygotic

For risk of ANY mood disorder for relatives

A

5-10%
10-20% (2-3 times)
15-25% (3-5 times)

20-30%

89
Q

Risk of offspring for bipolar if both parents have it

How abt risk for ANY mood disorder

A

50-65%

50-75%

90
Q

Most and second most common heart defects in down’s

A

Endocardial cushion defects (43%)

Ventricular septal defect (32%)

91
Q

What percentage of the human genome is considered to be active with coding sequences

A

2

92
Q

Which following aminoacids constitute the initiation sequence of protein translatio

A

Methionine

93
Q

KISS1 gene are affected in

Mode of transmission

A

KALLMAN’s syndrome (Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism along with anosmia, and occasionally learning difficulties)

Sporadic/x linked recessive/autosomal dominant/autosomal recessive

94
Q

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
Mode of transmission
Wad gene

3 hallmarks

A

X link recessive
XHRPT1 gene

Neurological dysfunction: hypotonia, developmental delay (3-6 months), started with irritability, pyramidal system involvement
Cognitive/Behavioural: self harm
uric acid overproduction

95
Q

Austism usually affect wad part of the brain

A

Cerebellar

96
Q

Knife blade gyro can usually b seen in wad

A

Pick’s disease

97
Q

The enzyme involved in the metabolism of amyloid precursor protein that prevents amyloid formation is

How amyloid is processed then

A

Alpha secretase

By beta secretase

98
Q

Pathological factor that correlated most with cognitive decline in AD is

A

Burden of neurofibillary tangles

99
Q

Difference between CJD and vCJD

A

v CJD has

1) earlier onset
2) have pulvinar thingys
3) . No typical EEG changes
4) Florid plague on autopsy
5) positive tonsillar biopsy

100
Q

Wernickes has what pathology

A

Haemorrhage in third ventricles, aqueducts (mammillary bodies, mediodorsal thalamus, colliculi, midbrain tegmentum), cerebellar atrophy

101
Q

MAcroscopic changes in CJD involve
Name 3

How abt Huntington

A

Generalised cerebral atrophy, cerebellar atrophy, ventricular enlargement

Huntington: small brain with reduced mass, marked atrophy of corpus stratum, marked atrophy of cerebral cortex , dilatation of lateral and third ventricles

102
Q

The immunological staining used in detection of Pick’s disease is

A

Anti-Tau antibody and anti ubiquitine antibody

103
Q

Neurofibrillary tangles are moist commonly presents in which part of AD

A

Hippocampus

104
Q

Punch drunk syndrome is also called wad and

Name 3 changes

A

Dementia pugilistica

Got neurofibrillary tangles, thinning of corpus callosum, perforation of septum pellucidum, ventricular enlargement

105
Q

Caloric testing in stupor will show wad in organic and wad in psychiatric

A

Psychiatric will show ocular nystagmus

106
Q

Alexia without Agraphia is seen in

A

Oculotemporal junction and selenium of corpus callosum

107
Q

Hayling test test wad

A

Hayling sentence completion test
Response initiation and suppression
Frontal deficits
Set shifting deficits

108
Q

Where was wad does inferior Olivary nucleus does

A

At the medulla but acts as a motor coordination to cerebellum

109
Q

Three main features of vegetative state

A

1) cycles of eye opening and closing, given appearance of sleep wake cycle
2) lack of awareness of self or the environment
3) complete or partial preservation of hypothalamic and brain stem autonomic functions

110
Q

Absence of ankle jerks can be seen in wad 3 disease

A

Subacute combined degeneration cord, syphilitic taboparesis, MND and friedrich’s ataxia

111
Q

Poor Musical stuff can b due to

A

Right temporal lesions

112
Q

Name three test for tenmporal side

A

Seaside, Benton visual retention test, speech sound perception tests revised wechsler memory scale

113
Q

Which dementia usually have good insight

A

Vascular dementia

114
Q

Doubhorizontal homonymous diplopia is seen in

A

6th nerve ?(abduncens)

115
Q

Supranuclear palsy can be due to what affected brain lesions

A

Brain stem (particularly portion of the. Midbrain), basal ganglia,

116
Q

What is Hao stead-Reitan battery test

A

Ten tests including trail making test and critical flicker frequency test
To diagnose brain damage

117
Q

Stanford Binet test is wad

Consist of how many items

A

Use to examination for children, but can be use for adults too
120 items

118
Q

Stroop test test for wad

Trail making test

Wad is bender visual motor gestalt test do

A

S troop: set shifting ability and response inhibition

Trail making test: visuospatial and perceptuomotor speed

Bender visual motor gestalt is for Screening measure for signs of organic dysfunction, a test of visuomotor coordination

119
Q

Animal test!

Wad test is for depression
(2)
Wad test is for anxiety
(2)

What test sensorimotor gating

A

Forced swim test and yoked shock test

Anxiety: light dark box and elevated plus maze

Sensorimotor: latent inhibition test

120
Q

How proteins can be modified

A

Phosphorylation

Glycoslation

121
Q

What can we call when purine is still chance by purine

Is its purine by pyrimidine and vice versa

A

1) transition

2) transversion

122
Q

What study identify a specific disease locus

A

Association study

123
Q

Establish chromosomal location of a disease locus can be done by what study

A

Linkage study

124
Q

WIlliams is wad chromosome

What kind of transmission

A

7

Triad of : facial features hypercalcemia, supra aortic stenosis

Might happen in autosomal dominant pattern

125
Q

FTD is associated with which gene
Which chromosome

How abt Parkinson’s

PD has wad gene

A

FTD: MAPT - microtubule-associated protein tau gene
17
Associated with Parkinsonism, dementia, disinhibition, Amoy Otto-Justin

And also progranulin affects FTD

PINK1, SNCA-a-synuclein, LRRK2 (leucine-rich repeat kinase 2)

126
Q

Tuberous scelerosis transmission pattern

A

Most commonly spontaneous mutation but also got autosomal dominant pattern as well

127
Q

Strongest candidate gene in schizophrenia

A

ZNF804A

128
Q

What can be use to decrease gene

A

In-RNA

129
Q

What you can see in AD for EEG

A

Reduced alpha waves

130
Q

What you can see for delirium in EEG

A

Some alpha activity and increased Delta wave

131
Q

Wad u can see for psychopathy for EEG

A

Immature posterior temporal slow wave

132
Q

Wad u can see in alcohol for eeg

For opioids?

A

Increase aloha and theta activity

Opioids, decrease alpha but increase theta and delta activity

133
Q

Marijuana for EEG

Cocaine for EEG

A

Marjiuana : increase alpha activity in frontal area of the brain

Cocaine: increase alpha activity

134
Q

BArbituated in EEG

A

Increase beta but decreased alpha activity

135
Q

Halo one does not reverse the agonist effect of which subtype of opioid receptors

Dynorphin is in which subtype

A

Sigma

Dynorphin in kappa

136
Q

Wad is consider an internal measure of energy

A

Leptin

137
Q

What breaks down Norepinerphrine

A

MAO - A for norepinephrine

138
Q

MAO A breaks down

A

Norepinerine and serotonin

139
Q

Dopamine was broken down by wad and into wad

A

MAO B

Homovanillic acid

140
Q

GABA was broken down by wad into wad

A

Transaminase

Glutamate then Succinic acid

141
Q

Serotonin is broken down by wad

It is made from wad by wad

A

Broken down by MAO-A into 5-H acetic acid

Made from tryptophan by tryptophan hydroxylase

142
Q

Five things helpful in serotonin

A

Feeding, mood, perception of pain , temperature , sleep wake cycle, motor activity

143
Q

Glutamate can be seen in which part of the brain

Name 3

A

Hippocampus, neocortical projections, cerebral cortex

144
Q

WHich part of 5HT receptors affect

Antiemetic

Circadian

Anti migraine

A

Antiemetic: 5HT 3

Circadian 5HT 7

Anti migraine 5HT 1D

145
Q

What you can see in Binswanger’s disease

Macroscopically can see wad

A

A vascular subcortical dementia that can

Have infraction of periventricular white matter that spare cortical region

146
Q

Name 5 thing stat have things to do with taupathies

A

Alzheimer’s D
Pick Disease
Progressive supranuclear palsy
Corticobasal degeneration, FTD with Parkinsonism

147
Q

What does anterior spinothalamic tract carries what sensation

A

Light touch and pressure

148
Q

What sensation in lateral Thalamic tract

A

Pain and temperature

149
Q

Ant and post spins cerebellar tract have wad sensation

A

Proprioceptive, pressure and touch sensation

150
Q

Wad kind of abnormal protein can be found in CSF by immunoassay for CJD

A

14-3-3

151
Q

What are the pathophysiological changes identified in Huntington
Name two

A

Degeneration of striatum and selective loss of GABA neurons

152
Q

Basilar artery supply the

A

Pon

153
Q

Internal capsule is supply by the

A

Circle of Willis

154
Q

What cause brain stem ischeamia, and cause a 20mg Hg drop between arms when arms are extended

A

Subclavian artery proximal to ipsilateral vertebral artery

Call subclavian steel syndrome

155
Q

What is affected when patient presented with weakness of arm and legs with loss of speech but can respond by blinking

A

Pons

156
Q

Inferior colliculi is connected to visual or auditory pathway

A

Auditory

Down - ears
Connect to medial geniculate body

157
Q

Broca and wenicke are is connect by

A

Arcuate fasciculus

158
Q

Motivational circuit is involves

A

Anterior cingulate cortex

159
Q

Name the place where these stuff are

1) Entorhinal cortex
2) Striatum
3) Ventral tegmental area
4) Hypothalamus
5) amygdala
6) hippocampus

A

1) temporal lobe
2) basal ganglia
3) mid brain
4) diencephalon
5) medical temporal lobe
6) medial temporal lobe

160
Q

Enlargement of structure can be seen as a consequence of Long term typical neuroleptic

A

Basal ganglia

161
Q

Cholecystokinin is associated with wad two things

A

Pain and anxiety

162
Q

Wad measure the resonance-induced signal from several biologically important Nuclei with an odd number of proton

A

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy

163
Q

Name three things that can be seen in depression neuroimagine

A

Periventricular and deep WM, subcortical thalami, straital hyperintensities
Decreased frontal and basal ganglia volumes, decreased metabolism in prefrontal cortex

164
Q

Structural lesion, metabolic and endocrine disorder can see wad in EEG

A

Focal slow wave

165
Q

Glutamate is made from wad by wad

Breakdown to wad by wad

A

Made from glutamine by glutamate transferase

Go back to glutamate/alpha-ketoglutarate by glutamate dehydrogenase/ glutamate synthetase

Misc Facts For Mrcpsych (5 decks)

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