Addtional Stuff Pt 2 Flashcards
Wad structure separates the two lateral ventricles in the human brain
Septum Pellicidum
Dentate Gyrus is supplied by
Where is it
The Post cerebral artery
Hippocampus
Name 4 things that can happen with left hemisphere lesions
Alexia, Agraphia, acalculia, colour anomia without aphasia, Broca, wernicke and Gerstmann syndrome
Right hemisphere lesions may produce wad name 5
Constructional apraxia, prospagnosia, somatopagnosia/auto-pagnostia, visual spatial agnosia, asonogsia, neglect, receptive amusia (loss appreciation to music)
What enzyme is only seen in astrocytes
Glutamate dehydrogenase
Prefrontal cortex occupied __% of the brain
30
Percentage of left handed ppl who’s still has left dominant brain hemisphere
How about both hemisphere ?
64%
16% for both
Disorder of verbal and pictorial memory is at which hemisphere
The non dominant one
Beta cell can be found at where
10% of total cell population in Lavern 5 of the human primary motor cortex
Most common neural cells in cerebral cortex is
Second most common?
Pyramidal cells (75%)
Stella the cells 25% present in all layers except layer 1
Where is nucleus accumbens
At the ventral striatum , proximal to heal of caudate nucleus and anterior portion of the putamen
Lentiform consist of wad and is affect in wad disorder
Putamen and globus pallidum
OCD
Where is ventral tegmental area
Midbrain
Transient ischemia of carotid system can produce
Aphasia
Wad acts as a satiety center
Wad acts a s a feeding centre
Satiety centre : ventral medial hypothalamus
feeding centre: Lateral hypothalamus
brain region, which could show prominent changes in early AD, is;
Enthorhinal cortex
Electrical synapse are abundant is which two area
Retina and cerebral cortex of animals
Hippocampus is supplied by
Posterior cerebral artery
Anomia can occur in which lesion
Posterior lesion of parietal cortex especially angular gyrus
Name 5 stuff in Limbic papez circuit
Hippocampus, Amygdala, septal nuclei, fornix, parahippocampal gyrus and mammillothalamic tract with its bodies, cingulate gyrus, ant. Thalami nucleus, enthorhinal cortex
Purkinje cell can do wad
Where is it
Wad type of neurotransmitter
Cerebellar cortex, only output for all motor coordination in the cerebellar cortex
Gabanergic
Lateral geniculate body is involved in wad sensory pathway
Visual
Internal capsule is supply by
Circle of Willis
le cerebral artery while the inferior half is supplied by the recurrent artery of Heubner arising from the anterior cerebral artery. The genu receives supply from lenticulostriate branches of middle cerebral artery, while posterior limb is supplied by the lenticulostriate branches of middle cerebral artery (superior half) and anterior choroidal artery off of the internal carotid artery (inferior half).
Name three pure sensory cranial nerve
Olfactory, optic and vestibulocochlear nerves
Neuronal cells can be classified in to wad types
Golgi type 1 : Long axons
Golgi type 2: short axons
Amacrine: no axons
Mirror neurons is where
Inferior frontal cortex
What are the three layers of cerebellar and wad does it consists
The molecular layer consisting of basket cell and stellate cell, Purkinje layer consisting of Purkinje cell and a granular layer consisting of granule and Golgi cell.
Neurosphyilis can show wadin eeg
non-specific increase in slow waves occurring diffusely over the scalp.
Wad kind of eeg can be seen in Sub acute sclerosing pan encephalitis
high amplitude repetitive bilaterally synchronous symmetrical polyphasic sharp wave and slow wave complexes, which occur every 4-15 seconds
The classic EEG finding in CJD is
generalized 1-2 Hz bi- or triphasic sharp- and slow-wave complexes.
R.E.M. Start in which receptor stimulation
Cholinergic receptors
Normal dominant alpha rhythm is usually seen at which age
12-14
Neuropeptides
Name 3!
They act wad and wad
Neurotransmitter and hormones
Endorphins, vasopressin, enkephalins
Two stuff tat is secreted by posterior pituitary hormone
Oxytocin and vasopressin
Things to note after ECT
Reduced alpha 2 and beta noradrenergic receptor
Increased noradrenaline turnover
Reduced brain 5-HT2 receptors
How does Stimulant affect sleep
Decreasing both R.E.M. Sleep and slow wave sleep
Noradrenaline
Locus coerulus
Acetylcholine is where
the nucleus basalis of Meynert
What is the rate-limiting step in the synthesis of dopamine
Tyrosine Hydroxylase
Wad is the peripheral metabolite of noradrenaline
Vanillyl mendalic acid (VMA)
The breakdown enzyme involved in GABA metabolism is
GABA transaminase.
What is an indolamine
Serotonin
Where does phospholipids get produced in a cell
Smooth ER
Neurochemical changes in the brain involved
Decreased acetylcholinesterase
Decrease choline acetyltransferase
Decreased GABA levels and adrenaline
Where u see d1 and d2
D3
D4
D5 predominantly
D1-2 at caudate and putamen
D3 nucleus accumbens
D4 prefrontal cortex
D5 hippocampus
How does ketamine works
Non competitive antagonist at NMDA receptors
Wad receptors increase adenylate cyclase to stimulate cell machiner
Beta receptors
What are carrot-shaped eosinophilic inclusions seen in hematoxylin and eosinophilic stain
Wad it is usually seen in
Rosenthal fibres
Alexander leukodystrophy
Which receptor is a rosette shape
GABA-A and NMDA
What enzymes mediate several catalytic reactions involving aminoacids that synthesize neurotransmtters such as dopamine, serotonin and tryptamin
Oxidase
DNA to RNA is called
RNA to protein is called
DNA to RNA => transcription
RNA to protein is call translation
Rett’s syndrome has wad characteristic
Deceleration of head circumference, learning disability and stereotyped hand movements
dementia seen in adults with Down’s syndrome is due to
Extra genetic material in chromosome 21
How does Genome-Wife association studies are based on
linkage disequilibrium (LD), using several hundred thousand marker single nucleotide polymorphisms or SNPs
Autistic children
Relative risk with 1 affected sibling
Relative risk with 2 affected sibling
50 times
300 times
Heritability of bipolar disorder is
75-85%
Which enzymes mediate the binding of tRNA with amino acids
Aminoacyl synthetase
Different blotting techniques
Southern blot:
Western blot:
- Southern blotting is a widely used method for the detection of a specific , large sequence in DNA. Can use to visualise restriction fragment length polymorphism.
-Western blotting is used method for the detection of specific protein after electrophoresis. The sample is electrophoresed on a polyacrylamide gel, then, blotted to a membrane. The membrane is incubated with the antibody to the specific protein. - Northern blotting is a detection method for a specific RNA after electrophoresis.
What is a physical feature of turner
Name 3
How abt parade Willi -name 5
What problem will it have for children
Webbed beck, short stature, brad chest, retrognathism
PD : short obese, microorchidiam, almond shaped eyes, flat face, prominent forehead
Congenital dislocation of the hip
PCR techniques
5 step
1) denatured DNA to single strand
2) Annealing DNA by cooling
3) Primers bind to target DNA
4) DNA polymerase is used to extend primes in opposite directions
5) replicating
Which cells remain in G0 indefinitely
Liver and neuron cells
One centiMorgan is
1% recombination frequency between two loci
Approximately 1 mil
Autism involved in wad gene and at where
Shank3 (at chromosome 22)
CADASIL is wad and was gene is involved
Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriography with subcortical infarcts and leucfoencephalopathy
NOTCH 3
Heritability Is a measure of
Genetic contribution to phenotypic variation in population
When the same disease phenotype is caused by mutations in different loc
Locus heterogeneity
Turner syndrome usually the X is from whose side
Maternal
What the hell is a Barr body
Inactivation of X chromosome
All X chromosomes in a cell are inactivated except one, irrespective of original number of X chromosomes in a cell
Name 4 things that is implicated in schizophrenia
Neuroregulin, COMT, dybindin, D aminoacid oxidase
What is the risk of Alzheimer dementia in a patient heterozygous for Apo E4 compared to those with no apoE4 allele?
How abt homo?
3 times higher
15 times higher
What values of the log of odds [LOD score] is commonly used as a threshold level of significance in linkage studies?
How abt significance of NON linkage ?
more than 3
Less than -2
What is Hardy-Weinberg principle
The carrier frequency is twice the square root of the frequency of a disease.
Noon an syndrom is wad kind of transmission
Three characteristics
Autosomal dominant
Short stature, congenital heart defects, delayed mental development
Short neck, Low set ears, hypertelorism (increased distance between two organ or bodily parts )
PKU transmission
Wad enzyme is affected
Autosomal recessive
Phenylalanine hydroxylase
Friedreich’s ataxia
Wad repeated stuff, more than how many
Mode of transmission
Triplet codon of GAA, more than 22
Autosomal recessive
Which phenomena explain most of the epigenetic variations
DNA methylation and histone modification
Who propose genotype and phenotype
Wilhelmina Johanssen
Most common type of mutation for thalassemia
Type of transmission
Missense
Most common single gene in the world
Autosomal Recessive
Premutant carriers of fragile x expansions may show
Wad for males
For females
Males: tremors and ataxia
Females: premature ovarian failure and/or mild cognitive or behavioural abnormalities
Velocardiofacial syndrome can be name as wad also
And wad chromosome it has affected
Name 5 things that might be compatible with this diagnosis
Di George
Chromosome 22
Pharyngeal insufficiency, supra-valvular aortic stenosis, HYPOcalcemia, fish mouth, learning difficulties, HYPOparathyroidism, seizure
What are the late onset AD
Wads chromosome
APO E
Chromosome 19
Name at least 3-4 genetic loci that is associated with early onset AD
Chromosome 1 Presenilin 2
Chromosome 17 tau protein
Chromosome 21 Beta amyloid
Chromosome 14 Presenilin 1
Fragile X syndrome: name 4 characteristics
What gene
macroorchidism, large ears, prominent jaw, a high-pitched voice, and mental retardation
FMR1
COMT is coded in which gene
22q11
Gene that encode serotonin transporter is call
SL6CA4
What condition results from abnormal progranulin
FTD-Primary progressive aphasia
Name 4 characteristics of Edwards. Syndrome
Wad chromosome
Trisomy 18
Rocker bottom feet, ID, micrognathia, congenital heart disease clenched hand, prominent occipital
Life time risk of depression is
In relatives of bipolar pro and
Unipolar disorder for first degree
Monozygotic
For risk of ANY mood disorder for relatives
5-10%
10-20% (2-3 times)
15-25% (3-5 times)
20-30%
Risk of offspring for bipolar if both parents have it
How abt risk for ANY mood disorder
50-65%
50-75%
Most and second most common heart defects in down’s
Endocardial cushion defects (43%)
Ventricular septal defect (32%)
What percentage of the human genome is considered to be active with coding sequences
2
Which following aminoacids constitute the initiation sequence of protein translatio
Methionine
KISS1 gene are affected in
Mode of transmission
KALLMAN’s syndrome (Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism along with anosmia, and occasionally learning difficulties)
Sporadic/x linked recessive/autosomal dominant/autosomal recessive
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
Mode of transmission
Wad gene
3 hallmarks
X link recessive
XHRPT1 gene
Neurological dysfunction: hypotonia, developmental delay (3-6 months), started with irritability, pyramidal system involvement
Cognitive/Behavioural: self harm
uric acid overproduction
Austism usually affect wad part of the brain
Cerebellar
Knife blade gyro can usually b seen in wad
Pick’s disease
The enzyme involved in the metabolism of amyloid precursor protein that prevents amyloid formation is
How amyloid is processed then
Alpha secretase
By beta secretase
Pathological factor that correlated most with cognitive decline in AD is
Burden of neurofibillary tangles
Difference between CJD and vCJD
v CJD has
1) earlier onset
2) have pulvinar thingys
3) . No typical EEG changes
4) Florid plague on autopsy
5) positive tonsillar biopsy
Wernickes has what pathology
Haemorrhage in third ventricles, aqueducts (mammillary bodies, mediodorsal thalamus, colliculi, midbrain tegmentum), cerebellar atrophy
MAcroscopic changes in CJD involve
Name 3
How abt Huntington
Generalised cerebral atrophy, cerebellar atrophy, ventricular enlargement
Huntington: small brain with reduced mass, marked atrophy of corpus stratum, marked atrophy of cerebral cortex , dilatation of lateral and third ventricles
The immunological staining used in detection of Pick’s disease is
Anti-Tau antibody and anti ubiquitine antibody
Neurofibrillary tangles are moist commonly presents in which part of AD
Hippocampus
Punch drunk syndrome is also called wad and
Name 3 changes
Dementia pugilistica
Got neurofibrillary tangles, thinning of corpus callosum, perforation of septum pellucidum, ventricular enlargement
Caloric testing in stupor will show wad in organic and wad in psychiatric
Psychiatric will show ocular nystagmus
Alexia without Agraphia is seen in
Oculotemporal junction and selenium of corpus callosum
Hayling test test wad
Hayling sentence completion test
Response initiation and suppression
Frontal deficits
Set shifting deficits
Where was wad does inferior Olivary nucleus does
At the medulla but acts as a motor coordination to cerebellum
Three main features of vegetative state
1) cycles of eye opening and closing, given appearance of sleep wake cycle
2) lack of awareness of self or the environment
3) complete or partial preservation of hypothalamic and brain stem autonomic functions
Absence of ankle jerks can be seen in wad 3 disease
Subacute combined degeneration cord, syphilitic taboparesis, MND and friedrich’s ataxia
Poor Musical stuff can b due to
Right temporal lesions
Name three test for tenmporal side
Seaside, Benton visual retention test, speech sound perception tests revised wechsler memory scale
Which dementia usually have good insight
Vascular dementia
Doubhorizontal homonymous diplopia is seen in
6th nerve ?(abduncens)
Supranuclear palsy can be due to what affected brain lesions
Brain stem (particularly portion of the. Midbrain), basal ganglia,
What is Hao stead-Reitan battery test
Ten tests including trail making test and critical flicker frequency test
To diagnose brain damage
Stanford Binet test is wad
Consist of how many items
Use to examination for children, but can be use for adults too
120 items
Stroop test test for wad
Trail making test
Wad is bender visual motor gestalt test do
S troop: set shifting ability and response inhibition
Trail making test: visuospatial and perceptuomotor speed
Bender visual motor gestalt is for Screening measure for signs of organic dysfunction, a test of visuomotor coordination
Animal test!
Wad test is for depression
(2)
Wad test is for anxiety
(2)
What test sensorimotor gating
Forced swim test and yoked shock test
Anxiety: light dark box and elevated plus maze
Sensorimotor: latent inhibition test
How proteins can be modified
Phosphorylation
Glycoslation
What can we call when purine is still chance by purine
Is its purine by pyrimidine and vice versa
1) transition
2) transversion
What study identify a specific disease locus
Association study
Establish chromosomal location of a disease locus can be done by what study
Linkage study
WIlliams is wad chromosome
What kind of transmission
7
Triad of : facial features hypercalcemia, supra aortic stenosis
Might happen in autosomal dominant pattern
FTD is associated with which gene
Which chromosome
How abt Parkinson’s
PD has wad gene
FTD: MAPT - microtubule-associated protein tau gene
17
Associated with Parkinsonism, dementia, disinhibition, Amoy Otto-Justin
And also progranulin affects FTD
PINK1, SNCA-a-synuclein, LRRK2 (leucine-rich repeat kinase 2)
Tuberous scelerosis transmission pattern
Most commonly spontaneous mutation but also got autosomal dominant pattern as well
Strongest candidate gene in schizophrenia
ZNF804A
What can be use to decrease gene
In-RNA
What you can see in AD for EEG
Reduced alpha waves
What you can see for delirium in EEG
Some alpha activity and increased Delta wave
Wad u can see for psychopathy for EEG
Immature posterior temporal slow wave
Wad u can see in alcohol for eeg
For opioids?
Increase aloha and theta activity
Opioids, decrease alpha but increase theta and delta activity
Marijuana for EEG
Cocaine for EEG
Marjiuana : increase alpha activity in frontal area of the brain
Cocaine: increase alpha activity
BArbituated in EEG
Increase beta but decreased alpha activity
Halo one does not reverse the agonist effect of which subtype of opioid receptors
Dynorphin is in which subtype
Sigma
Dynorphin in kappa
Wad is consider an internal measure of energy
Leptin
What breaks down Norepinerphrine
MAO - A for norepinephrine
MAO A breaks down
Norepinerine and serotonin
Dopamine was broken down by wad and into wad
MAO B
Homovanillic acid
GABA was broken down by wad into wad
Transaminase
Glutamate then Succinic acid
Serotonin is broken down by wad
It is made from wad by wad
Broken down by MAO-A into 5-H acetic acid
Made from tryptophan by tryptophan hydroxylase
Five things helpful in serotonin
Feeding, mood, perception of pain , temperature , sleep wake cycle, motor activity
Glutamate can be seen in which part of the brain
Name 3
Hippocampus, neocortical projections, cerebral cortex
WHich part of 5HT receptors affect
Antiemetic
Circadian
Anti migraine
Antiemetic: 5HT 3
Circadian 5HT 7
Anti migraine 5HT 1D
What you can see in Binswanger’s disease
Macroscopically can see wad
A vascular subcortical dementia that can
Have infraction of periventricular white matter that spare cortical region
Name 5 thing stat have things to do with taupathies
Alzheimer’s D
Pick Disease
Progressive supranuclear palsy
Corticobasal degeneration, FTD with Parkinsonism
What does anterior spinothalamic tract carries what sensation
Light touch and pressure
What sensation in lateral Thalamic tract
Pain and temperature
Ant and post spins cerebellar tract have wad sensation
Proprioceptive, pressure and touch sensation
Wad kind of abnormal protein can be found in CSF by immunoassay for CJD
14-3-3
What are the pathophysiological changes identified in Huntington
Name two
Degeneration of striatum and selective loss of GABA neurons
Basilar artery supply the
Pon
Internal capsule is supply by the
Circle of Willis
What cause brain stem ischeamia, and cause a 20mg Hg drop between arms when arms are extended
Subclavian artery proximal to ipsilateral vertebral artery
Call subclavian steel syndrome
What is affected when patient presented with weakness of arm and legs with loss of speech but can respond by blinking
Pons
Inferior colliculi is connected to visual or auditory pathway
Auditory
Down - ears
Connect to medial geniculate body
Broca and wenicke are is connect by
Arcuate fasciculus
Motivational circuit is involves
Anterior cingulate cortex
Name the place where these stuff are
1) Entorhinal cortex
2) Striatum
3) Ventral tegmental area
4) Hypothalamus
5) amygdala
6) hippocampus
1) temporal lobe
2) basal ganglia
3) mid brain
4) diencephalon
5) medical temporal lobe
6) medial temporal lobe
Enlargement of structure can be seen as a consequence of Long term typical neuroleptic
Basal ganglia
Cholecystokinin is associated with wad two things
Pain and anxiety
Wad measure the resonance-induced signal from several biologically important Nuclei with an odd number of proton
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Name three things that can be seen in depression neuroimagine
Periventricular and deep WM, subcortical thalami, straital hyperintensities
Decreased frontal and basal ganglia volumes, decreased metabolism in prefrontal cortex
Structural lesion, metabolic and endocrine disorder can see wad in EEG
Focal slow wave
Glutamate is made from wad by wad
Breakdown to wad by wad
Made from glutamine by glutamate transferase
Go back to glutamate/alpha-ketoglutarate by glutamate dehydrogenase/ glutamate synthetase
