Study Set - A

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.

Question 2

Encoding

Answer 2

The processing of information into the memory systems. Ex. Extracting meaning.

Question 3

Storage

Answer 3

The retention of encoded information over time.

Question 4

Retrieval

Answer 4

The process of getting information out of memory storage.

Question 5

Sensory Memory

Answer 5

The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.

Question 6

Short-Term Memory

Answer 6

Activated memory that hold a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing before the information is stored or forgotten.

Question 7

Long-Term Memory

Answer 7

The relatively permanent and limitless storage house of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.

Question 8

Working Memory

Answer 8

A newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory.

Question 9

Parallel Processing

Answer 9

The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; The brains natural mode of information processing for many functions. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem-solving.

Question 10

Automatic Processing

Answer 10

Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-earned information, such as word meanings.

Question 11

Effortful Processing

Answer 11

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.

Question 12

Rehearsal

Answer 12

The conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage.

Question 13

Spacing Effect

Answer 13

The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.

Question 14

Serial Position Effect

Answer 14

Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list.

Question 15

Visual Encoding

Answer 15

The encoding of picture images.

Question 16

Acoustic Encoding

Answer 16

The encoding of sound, especially the sound of words.

Question 17

Semantic Encoding

Answer 17

The encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words.

Question 18

Imagery

Answer 18

Mental pictures

Question 19

Mnemonics

Answer 19

Memory aids.

Question 20

Chunking

Answer 20

Organizing items into familiar, manageable units.

Question 21

Iconic Memory

Answer 21

A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a picture memory lasting no more than a 10th of a second.

Question 22

Echoing Memory

Answer 22

A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can be recalled within 3 to 4 seconds.

Question 23

Long-term Potentiation

Answer 23

Increase in a synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basic for learning and memory.

Question 24

Flashbulb Memory

Answer 24

Clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.

Question 25

Amnesia

Answer 25

Loss of memory. Creates false memories.

Question 26

Implicit Memory (Nondeclarative or procedural memory)

Answer 26

Retention independent of conscious recollection.

Question 27

Explicit Memory (declarative memory)

Answer 27

Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare”

Question 28

Hippocampus

Answer 28

A neural center that is located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage.

Question 29

Recall

Answer 29

To remember something learned earlier. (Reading lines before going on stage and then knowing them)

Question 30

Recognition

Answer 30

Measure of memory in which the person need only items previously learned. (Ex. Multiple choice test)

Question 31

Relearning

Answer 31

Measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for the second time.

Question 32

Priming

Answer 32

The activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory.

Question 33

Deja Vu

Answer 33

Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.

Question 34

Mood Congruent Memory

Answer 34

The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with ones current mood. (Good or bad)

Question 35

Practice interference

Answer 35

Disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.

Question 36

Retroactive Interference

Answer 36

Disruptive effect of learning on the recall of old information.

Question 37

Repression

Answer 37

In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from conscious anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.

Question 38

Misinformation Effect

Answer 38

Incorporating misleading information to ones memory of an event. Causes false memories.

Question 39

Source Amnesia

Answer 39

Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined. Creates false memories.