Study guide test 1

Question 1

Fatty Infiltration, what type of disease process?

Answer 1

It is a benign process and may be reversible with correction of the process, but it is also a precursor for significant chronic disease.

Question 2

When will we observe fatty infiltration(fatty liver)?

Answer 2

obesity

excessive alcohol intake

poorly controlled hyperlipidemia

diabetes mellitus

excess corticosteroids

pregnancy

total parenteral hyperalimentation

severe hepatitis

glycogen storage disease

cystic fibrosis

pharmaceutical

chronic illness

Question 3

What are the sonographic findings of acute hepatitis?

Answer 3

normal liver texture

portal vein borders are more prominent

liver parenchyma slightly more echogenic

hepatosplenomegaly is present

gallbladder wall is thickened

Question 4

What is Budd-Chiari Syndrome?

Answer 4

uncommon illness caused by thrombosis of the hepatic veins or IVC

characterized by abdominal pain, massive ascites, and hepatomegaly

Question 5

Where are echinococcal cysts most commonly located?

Answer 5

enter the proximal portion of small intestine

larvae burrow through the mucosa, enter the portal circulation, and travel to the liver

Question 6

What is the most common benign tumor of the liver?

Answer 6

cavernous hemangioma

Question 7

What benign liver tumor is found in patients with Type I glycogen storage disease?

Answer 7

hepatic adenoma

Question 8

Patients who have hepatocellular carcinoma are likely to have had what?

Answer 8

cirrhosis

Question 9

What is the most common form of neoplastic involvement of the liver?

Answer 9

Metastatic disease

Question 10

In sever hepatocellular destruction, the AST and the ALT levels are going to do what?

Answer 10

Increase

Question 11

Elevation of the ALK Phos is associated with what?

Answer 11

obstruction

Question 12

Elevation of the serum bilirubin results in?

Answer 12

Jaundice

Question 13

What are the typical symptoms a patient may have with an abcess formation?

Answer 13

fever, pain, pleuritis, nausea, vomitting, diarrhea, elevated liver function tests, leukocytosis, anemia

Question 14

What tumor consists of large blood filled spaces?

Answer 14

cavernous hemangioma

Question 15

Dilated intrahepatic ducts may be seen in what?

Answer 15

biliary obstruction:proximal and distal

extrahepatic mass

common duct stricture

Question 16

What benign liver tumor is located near the free edge of the liver and is well subscribed and solitary?

Answer 16

Liver cell adenoma

Question 17

Common malignancies that include the pediatric population:

Answer 17

neuroblastomas

Wilms’ tumor

leukemia

Question 18

Older man has a history of alcoholism

He’s been diagnosed with acute pancreatitis

Hematocrit and hypotensive levels are decreased

What’s happening?

Answer 18

Hemorrhagic pancreatitis

Question 19

A patient with painless jaundice, weight loss, and a decreased appetite

What are we looking at?

Answer 19

Hepatitis

Question 20

What serum level is twice the normal level in acute pancreatitis?

Answer 20

Amylase

Question 21

What are the clinical signs and symptoms of acute pancreatitis?

Answer 21

severe pain that usually occurs after a large meal or alcohol binge, nausea, vomitting, history of gallstones or alcoholism, mild fever, amylase and lipase increase (lipase takes longer to increase, but stays increased for longer period of time), leukocytosis, abdominal distention

Question 22

What’s the most common cause of pancreatitis in the U.S.?

Answer 22

biliary tract disease

Question 23

What condition causes an increase in the secretion of abnormal mucus by the exocrine glands?

Answer 23

cystic fibrosis (endocrine glands)

Question 24

What is the appearance of acute pancreatitis?

Answer 24

pancreas ranges from normal to focal/diffuse enlargement

hypoechoic texture (edema)

borders distinct but irregular

enlargement of head causes depression on IVC

40%-60% have gallstones

pancreatic duct may be enlarged

parapancreatic fluid collections

Question 25

What is the appearance of chronic pancreatitis?

Answer 25

gland is small and fibrotic

irregular borders

mixed echogenicity

dilated pancreatic duct (string of pearls sign with dilated duct)

look for calculi within duct

Question 26

What does orthotopic mean?

Answer 26

transplants-placed in same place as the dead organ

Question 27

How many liver transplants are performed each year?

Answer 27

5,000

Question 28

What are the complications from a liver transplant?

Answer 28

hepatic artery thrombosis-most common

anastomotic stenosis

thrombus in the portal vein or IVC

infection

fluid collections-hematomas, abscesses, bilomas, ascites, and seromas

rejection-occurs in 50%-70% of transplants

biliary leaks-most common site is biliary anastomosis

Question 29

What are the complications of renal transplants?

Answer 29

rejection

acute tubular necrosis

cyclosporine toxicity

malignancy

extraperitoneal fluid collections-hematomas, perinephric abscess, lymphocele

obstructive nephropathy

graph rupture

Question 30

What does ESRD stand for?

Answer 30

end stage renal disease

Question 31

Which kidney is more likely to be used from the donor?

Answer 31

left kidney is usually donated

Question 32

Sonographic appearance of a kidney that is failing:

Answer 32

Acute renal failure:

kidneys may appear normal in size or enlarged and may be hypoechoic with parenchymal disease

obstruction is responsible for aprox 5%

Chronic renal failure:

diffusely echogenic kidney with loss of normal anatomy

if bilateral, small kidneys are identified

Question 33

What is ATN?

Answer 33

acute tubular necrosis