Study guide test 1 Flashcards
Fatty Infiltration, what type of disease process?
It is a benign process and may be reversible with correction of the process, but it is also a precursor for significant chronic disease.
When will we observe fatty infiltration(fatty liver)?
obesity
excessive alcohol intake
poorly controlled hyperlipidemia
diabetes mellitus
excess corticosteroids
pregnancy
total parenteral hyperalimentation
severe hepatitis
glycogen storage disease
cystic fibrosis
pharmaceutical
chronic illness
What are the sonographic findings of acute hepatitis?
normal liver texture
portal vein borders are more prominent
liver parenchyma slightly more echogenic
hepatosplenomegaly is present
gallbladder wall is thickened
What is Budd-Chiari Syndrome?
uncommon illness caused by thrombosis of the hepatic veins or IVC
characterized by abdominal pain, massive ascites, and hepatomegaly
Where are echinococcal cysts most commonly located?
enter the proximal portion of small intestine
larvae burrow through the mucosa, enter the portal circulation, and travel to the liver
What is the most common benign tumor of the liver?
cavernous hemangioma
What benign liver tumor is found in patients with Type I glycogen storage disease?
hepatic adenoma
Patients who have hepatocellular carcinoma are likely to have had what?
cirrhosis
What is the most common form of neoplastic involvement of the liver?
Metastatic disease
In sever hepatocellular destruction, the AST and the ALT levels are going to do what?
Increase
Elevation of the ALK Phos is associated with what?
obstruction
Elevation of the serum bilirubin results in?
Jaundice
What are the typical symptoms a patient may have with an abcess formation?
fever, pain, pleuritis, nausea, vomitting, diarrhea, elevated liver function tests, leukocytosis, anemia
What tumor consists of large blood filled spaces?
cavernous hemangioma
Dilated intrahepatic ducts may be seen in what?
biliary obstruction:proximal and distal
extrahepatic mass
common duct stricture
What benign liver tumor is located near the free edge of the liver and is well subscribed and solitary?
Liver cell adenoma
Common malignancies that include the pediatric population:
neuroblastomas
Wilms’ tumor
leukemia
Older man has a history of alcoholism
He’s been diagnosed with acute pancreatitis
Hematocrit and hypotensive levels are decreased
What’s happening?
Hemorrhagic pancreatitis
A patient with painless jaundice, weight loss, and a decreased appetite
What are we looking at?
Hepatitis
What serum level is twice the normal level in acute pancreatitis?
Amylase
What are the clinical signs and symptoms of acute pancreatitis?
severe pain that usually occurs after a large meal or alcohol binge, nausea, vomitting, history of gallstones or alcoholism, mild fever, amylase and lipase increase (lipase takes longer to increase, but stays increased for longer period of time), leukocytosis, abdominal distention
What’s the most common cause of pancreatitis in the U.S.?
biliary tract disease
What condition causes an increase in the secretion of abnormal mucus by the exocrine glands?
cystic fibrosis (endocrine glands)
What is the appearance of acute pancreatitis?
pancreas ranges from normal to focal/diffuse enlargement
hypoechoic texture (edema)
borders distinct but irregular
enlargement of head causes depression on IVC
40%-60% have gallstones
pancreatic duct may be enlarged
parapancreatic fluid collections
What is the appearance of chronic pancreatitis?
gland is small and fibrotic
irregular borders
mixed echogenicity
dilated pancreatic duct (string of pearls sign with dilated duct)
look for calculi within duct
What does orthotopic mean?
transplants-placed in same place as the dead organ
How many liver transplants are performed each year?
5,000
What are the complications from a liver transplant?
hepatic artery thrombosis-most common
anastomotic stenosis
thrombus in the portal vein or IVC
infection
fluid collections-hematomas, abscesses, bilomas, ascites, and seromas
rejection-occurs in 50%-70% of transplants
biliary leaks-most common site is biliary anastomosis
What are the complications of renal transplants?
rejection
acute tubular necrosis
cyclosporine toxicity
malignancy
extraperitoneal fluid collections-hematomas, perinephric abscess, lymphocele
obstructive nephropathy
graph rupture
What does ESRD stand for?
end stage renal disease
Which kidney is more likely to be used from the donor?
left kidney is usually donated
Sonographic appearance of a kidney that is failing:
Acute renal failure:
kidneys may appear normal in size or enlarged and may be hypoechoic with parenchymal disease
obstruction is responsible for aprox 5%
Chronic renal failure:
diffusely echogenic kidney with loss of normal anatomy
if bilateral, small kidneys are identified
What is ATN?
acute tubular necrosis
