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Spring:Abd > final > Flashcards

final Flashcards

1
Q

What are the landmark structures for locating the gb?

A

portal triad: portal vein, hepatic artery, CBD, gb fossa, main lobar fissure

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2
Q

What is the most common cause of acute pancreatitis?

A

biliary tract disease

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3
Q

What is Gerota’s Fascia?

A

surrounds the true capsule and perinepheric fat of kidney

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4
Q

What condition is increased pressure within the portal-splenic venous system?

A

extrahepatic portal hypertension

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5
Q

If you have a small, hyperechoic pancreas with calcifications, what is this?

A

chronic pancreatitis

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6
Q

What structure divides the left lobe into two segments?

A

falciform ligamnet and ligamentum teres

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7
Q

Cholecystokinin is stimulated once food reaches what structure?

A

released by the presence of fat in the intestine

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8
Q

If a patient presents with back pain, weight loss, and painless jaundice, what is this?

A

hepatitis

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9
Q

What structure surrounds the liver?

A

Glisson’s capsule

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10
Q

A fluid collection that contains bile is called?

A

biloma

(gallbladder?)

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11
Q

A liver pathology that may have splenomegaly is called?

A

cirrhosis

(portal hypertension?)

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12
Q

Enlargement of the gb caused by obstruction, what is this called?

A

Courvoisier’s sign

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13
Q

RUQ, nausea, and vomitting: predispossing factors of what?

A

acute cholelithiasis

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14
Q

What structure in the kidney could be mistaken for an extra renal pelvis?

A

hydronephrosis

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15
Q

What structure is located anterior-lateral portion of the pancreatic head?

A

gastroduodenal artery (GDA)

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16
Q

What’s the normal length of an adult spleen?

A

8-13cm

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17
Q

What type of aneurysm is most commonly associated with a bacterial infection?

A

mycotic aneurysm

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18
Q

To aide in demonstrating acoustic shadowing, what can a sonographer do?

A

raise frequency

add harmonics

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19
Q

Extensive pancreatic inflammation into surrounding tissues, what is it called?

A

phlegmon

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20
Q

If you have an elevation in aldosterone, what organ is affected?

A

adrenal gland

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21
Q

What structure is commonly mistaken as the pancreatic duct?

A

(splenic artery and vein)

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22
Q

Main renal arteries arise from the lateral aspect of the aorta inferior to what?

A

inferior to celiac axis

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23
Q

Know the portions of the gallbladder (include normal variants)

A

neck, body, fundus

hartmann pouch-outpouching of gb neck

bilobed gb-hourglass appearance

septated gb-thin separations within gb

phrygian cap-fundus is folded onto itself

junctional fold-fold at gb neck

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24
Q

What is termed an outward bulge to the renal cortex?

A

dromedary hump

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25
Q

What is the congenital anomaly where you have a fusion of both kidneys?

A

horeshoe kidney

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26
Q

What is the function of the spleen?

A

breakdown of hemoglobin

formation of bile pigment

formation of antibodies and immunity

red blood cell production

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27
Q

When you see a comet tail artifact in the gallbladder, what is this?

A

adenomyomytosis

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28
Q

Non-shadowing, low amplitude echoes in the gallbladder: what are we looking at?

A

sludge

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29
Q

What is the accessory duct of the spleen called?

A

splenunculus (accessory spleen)

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30
Q

What lab values will you assess for renal function?

A

Bun and creatinine

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31
Q

The pancreas lies in the lap of what structure?

A

C-loop of the duodenum

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32
Q

What’s another name for the portal triad?

A

portal confluence

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33
Q

Congenital anomaly of the pancreatic head circling the duodenum, what is this called?

A

annular pancreas

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34
Q

What’s the most common type of abdominal aortic aneurysm?

A

fusiform

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35
Q

An AAA is present when the diameter exceeds what?

A

over 3cm

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36
Q

Know the layers of the vascular system

A

tunica intima-inner

tunica media-middle

tunica adventitia-outer

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37
Q

Sonographic findings of acute hepatitis

A

normal liver texture

portal veins are more prominent

liver parenchyma slightly more echogenic

hepatosplenomegaly is present

gb wall is thickened

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38
Q

What is the most common benign tumor of the liver?

A

cavernous hemangioma

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39
Q

Patients who have liver cancer are likely to have had what?

A

cirrhosis

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40
Q

The right and left hepatic ducts emerge to form what?

A

common hepatic duct

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41
Q

What are the normal sizes of CBD? (Age relation?)

A

normal: <6mm for people 60 and under

1mm/decade after the age of 60

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42
Q

What is inflammation of the gallbladder?

A

cholecystitis

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43
Q

What hepatic mass is associated with oral contraceptives?

A

liver cell adenoma

(focal nodular hyperplasia-second most common benign mass)

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44
Q

Valves of heister are found where?

A

neck of gallbldder

45
Q

What’s the most common system with acute thrombosis of the portal vein?

A
46
Q

The liver is suspended from the diaphragm and interior abdominal wall by what structure?

A

falciform ligament

47
Q

An ameobic abcess may enter the liver through what structure?

A

portal vein

48
Q

Echinococcal cysts are more prevalent where?

A

sheep grazing countries

49
Q

Fatty infiltration of the liver causes elevation of liver enzymes, can it be reversed?

A

benign process that may be reversible with correction of process, but is also a precursor for significant chronic disease

50
Q

What’s the most common malignant adrenal mass?

A

adrenal neuroblastoma

51
Q

What are the spaces called where fluid accumulates in the flank of the abdomen and pelvis?

A

subphrenic-pouch of Douglas

52
Q

Typical symptoms of a patient with an abcess formation:

A

fever, pain, pleuritis, nausea, vomitting, diarrhea, elevated liver function tests, leukocytosis, anemia

53
Q

A cyst containing urine

A

urinoma

54
Q

Normal length of an adult kidney

A

9-12cm

55
Q

Know the criteria in order to call a gallstone a gallstone

A

mobile

strongly echogenic

acoustic shadowing

56
Q

Know about the portal veins (oxygenated or deoxygenated, flow)

A

flow is hepatopetal (towards the liver)

portal veins carry blood from bowel to liver

80% blood supply to the liver

50% oxygenated blood supply to the liver

57
Q

What’s the condition where the portal veins are thrombosed?

A

(portal hypertension?)

58
Q

What artery do we see posterior to the IVC?

A

right renal artery

59
Q

Absence of one or both of the kidneys is known as?

A

renal agenesis

60
Q

Most common location of adenoma carcinoma of the pancreas?

A

(head?)

61
Q

What is the most common tumor of the pancreas?

A

(adenocarcinoma?)

62
Q

Where is the pancreas located?

(intra vs extra paratineal)

A

retroperitoneal cavity

63
Q

What are the structures in the portal confluence?

A

portal vein, hepatic artery, CBD

(main lobar fissure, gb fossa)

64
Q

Splenic artery and vein, where are they located in relation to the pancreas?

A

artery-superior border of pancreas

vein-posterior medial border of pancreas

65
Q

Know about the celiac trunk

A

first branch off the aorta, lies anterior to the SMA

common hepatic artery-forms proper hepatic artery and GDA

left gastric artery-supplies stomach and esophagus

splenic artery(largest branch)-forms gastroepiploic artery-supplies stomach and spleen

66
Q

Cystic mass between the umbilicus and the apex of the bladder, what might that be?

A

urachal cyst

67
Q

What’s the space between the kidney and the liver?

A

Morrison’s pouch

68
Q

A complex cyst that results from a paracitic infection is called?

A

echinococcal cyst

69
Q

Inflammation of the peritoneum is known as?

A

peritonitis

70
Q

What is the most common cause of splenomegaly?

A

(peritonitis?)

71
Q

What’s the most common cause for renal failure?

A

Acute tubular necrosis

(chronic renal failure)

72
Q

Most common malignant tumor of the kidney in peds

A

Wilm’s tumor

73
Q

What is pyelonephrosis?

A

infection of the calyces and renal pelvis

74
Q

benign fatty tumor of the kidneys

A

angiomyolipoma

75
Q

What is the best description for a ureterocele?

A

cyst-like enlargement of the lower end of the ureter, which projects into the bladder when at the ureterovesical junction

76
Q

The splenic artery originates from what?

A

celiac trunk(axis)

77
Q

An area within an organ that has become necrotic due to lack of oxygen is called?

A

Ischemia

78
Q

Most common location for a pancreatic psuedocyst

A

tail

79
Q

What’s the procedure where we take a piece of tissue for microscopic analysis called?

A

biopsy

80
Q

What are the functions of the pancreas?

A

exocrine function-produces pancreatic juice to aid in digestion

endocrine function-produces glucagons and insulin

81
Q

What is thrombosis of the hepatic veins called?

A

Budd-Chiari syndrome

82
Q

Where does the IVC terminate?

A

right atrium

83
Q

What is considered a function of the lymph node?

A

returns tissue fluid to the blood

carries specific absorbed food molecules

defends body against infections

84
Q

Gallbladder wall should not exceed what?

A

3mm

85
Q

What quadrants are in a quad fluid assessment?

A

RUQ

RLQ

LUQ

LLQ

86
Q

Aorta dissection

A

defect in intima and internal weakness in wall must exist

87
Q

What are the sonographic findings of a renal transplant rejection?

A

Acute renal failure:

kidneys may appear normal in size or enlarged and may be hypoechoic with parenchymal disease

obstruction is responsible for aprox 5%

chronic renal failure:

diffusely echogenic kidney with loss of normal anatomy

if bilateral, small kidneys are identified

88
Q

Tumor that has areas of sonolucence (hypoechoic), what is happening?

A

necrosis-blood supply has been cut off

89
Q

What makes the splenic confluence?

A

splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein

90
Q

Lab values:

kidney, liver, thyroid

A

kidney- Bun, creatine

Liver- AST, ALT, LDH, Alk-phos, Bilirubin, PT, Albumin, globulins

thyroid-THS, T3, T4

91
Q

Primary blood flow to testicles

A

testicular arteries

92
Q

When a patient has sickle cell, know what is going on and what the spleen looks like.

A

atrophy of the spleen

93
Q

Kidney tumors

A
94
Q

Functions:

kidneys, spleen, liver

A

kidneys-excretes waste, regulates composition of blood

spleen-storage of iron, blood reservoir, rarely a cause of systemic disease

liver-metabolism (carbs, protein), digestion, storage, detoxification

95
Q

What happens to liver parenchyma in liver disease?

A

parenchyma becomes coarse with increased brightness of the portal triad

96
Q

Liver ligaments

A

falciform ligament

ligamentum teres

ligamentum venosum

gastrosplenic ligament

splenorenal ligament

97
Q

Liver nodules

A
98
Q

Cells of the liver

A

hepatocytes

99
Q

Sizes of normal bile ducts

A

normal: <6mm under 60

increase 1mm/decade after 60

100
Q

Appendicitis:

symptoms, labs

A

McBurney’s sign (pain when pushed on, rebound tendernous)

101
Q

Aneurysm

A

most common-fusiform

min size- >3cm

Marfan’s- most common ascending aorta

pseudoanerysms- after procedure, groin-most common location

102
Q

Testicular torsion

A

comparison- between normal and torsed, look for arterial and venous (blood flow)

hematoma may be present in trauma

rupture

signs-pain

103
Q

Time out procedure

A

patient’s name, procedure, location, legal action

104
Q

Testicle

A

varicocele-dilated blood vessels, valsalva so vessels pop out

layers-

testie and scrotal wall-bell clapper

105
Q

FNA: appropriate gauge

A

20-25

106
Q

Breast

A

layers- subcutaneous layer, mammary (glandular) layer, retromammary layer

cooper’s ligaments- fibrous skeletal muscle that maintains the breast

most common mass- benign:fibroadenoma malignant:invasive ductal carcinoma

symptoms-

107
Q

Procedures:

thoracentesis

A

why do we send fluid to lab?

to test for malignancy or infection

chest x-ray after?

make sure there is no pneumothorax

108
Q

Cavities (retroperitoneum and introperitoneum)

A
109
Q

GB diseases: How viewed under US?

A

Spring:Abd (6 decks)

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