Chapter 21/23 wkbk: test 3 Flashcards
glandular (milk-producing) component of the breast lobule
acinus (acini)
the pigmented skin surrounding the breast nipple
areola
armpit
axilla
differentiated apocrine sweat gland with a functional purpose of secreting milk during lactation
breast
connective tissue septa that connect perpendicularly to the breast lobules and extend out to the skin
Cooper’s ligaments
middle layer of the breast tissue that contains the ductal, glandular, and stromal portions of the breast
mammary layer
deepest of the three layers of the breast noted on breast ultrasound
retromammary layer
most superficial of the three layers of the breast identified on breast ultrasound
subcutaneous layer
normal extension of breast tissue into the axillary region
tail of Spence
smallest functional portion of the breast involving the terminal duct and its associated lobule containing at least one acinus
terminal ductal lobular unit (TDLU)
plane of imaging on ultrasound of the breast that is perpendicular to the radial plane of imaging
antiradial
without symptoms
asymptomatic
trademark system created by the American College of Radialogy (ACR) to standardize mammographic reporting terminology, categorize breast abnormalities according to the level of suspicion for malignancy, and facilitate outcome monitoring
breast imaging reporting and data system
part of breast cancer screening best done at the end of menses each month
breast self-examination
part of breast cancer screening done by a health care provider
clinical breast examination
type of breast imaging examination that is more intensive than routine screening mammography
diagnostic breast imaging
refers to vibrations produced by phonation and felt through the chest wall during palpation
fremitus
near the chest wall
juxtathoracic
echo texture that is more echogenic than the surrounding tissue
hyperechoic
can be felt of clinical examination
palpable
echotexture that resembles the surrounding tissue
isoechoic
plane of imaging on ultrasound of the breast
radial
represents the first lymph node along the axillary node chain
sentinel node
finger-like extension of a malignant tumor
spiculation
cannot be felt on clinical examination
nonpalpable
without echoes
anechoic
having relatively weak echoes
hypoechoic
common diagnostic and interventional procedure that involves placing a needle through the skin of the breast into a cystic mass and pulling fluid out of the cyst through the needle
cyst aspiration
preventive care that includes annual screening mammography (starting at age 40), monthly breast self-examination, and regular clinical breast examination
breast cancer screening
overgrowth of the stromal and epithelial elements of the acini within terminal ductal lobular unit (TDLU) of the breast
adenosis
form of fibrocystic change in which the epithelial cells of the acini undergo alteration
apocrine metaplasia
the pathologist recognizes some, but not all, of the features of ductal carcinoma in situ
atypical ductal hyperplasia
abnormal proliferation of cells with atypical features involving the TDLU, with an increased likelihood of evolving into breast cancer
atypical hyperplasia
shows some, but not all, of the features of lobular carcinoma in situ
atypical lobular hyperplasia
fluid-filled sac of variable size
cyst
proliferation (hyperplasia) of epithelial cells lining the terminal duct-lobular unit
epithelial hyperplasia
most common benign solid tumor of the breast, consisting primarily of fibrous and epithelial tissue elements
fibroadenoma
condition that represents different, essentially normal, tissue processes within the breast that in some patients become
fibrocystic condition
surface erosion of the nipple characterized by redness with flaking and crusting caused by direct invasion of the skin of the nipple by underlying breast cancer
Paget’s disease
descriptive term for skin thinkening of a breast that resembles the skin of an orange
peau d’orange
cancer of the ductal epithelium; most common general category of breast cancer, accounting for aprox 85% of all breast cancers
infiltrating ductal carcinoma
cancer of the lobular epithelium of the breast, arises at the level of the TDLU
infiltrating lobular carcinoma
echo texture that resembles the surrounding tissue
isoechoic
neither considered a true cancer nor treated as such
lobular carcinoma in situ
term preferred by many authors to replace LCIS and atypical hyperplasia
lobular neoplasia
breast cancer occurring in different quadrants of the breast at least 5cm apart
multicentric breast cancer
breast cancer occurring in more than one site within the same quadrant of the same ductal system of the breast
multifocal breast cancer
involves two main types of cells (ductal and lobular)
breast cancer
hypertrophy of residual ductal elements that persist behind the nipple in the male
gynecomastia
an extension of the internal oblique muscle that descends to the testis with the spermatic cord
cremasteric muscle
connect the seminal vesicle and the vas deferens to the urethra at the verumontanum
ejaculatory ducts
anatomic structure formed by the network of ducts leaving the mediastinum testis that combine into a single, convoluted epididymal tubule
epididymis
central linear structure formed by the convergence of multiple, thin srptations within the testicle, which are invaginations of the tunica albuginea
mediastinum testis
plexus of veins in the spermatic cord that drain into the right and left testicular veins
pampiniform plexus
partially supply the scrotal wall and epididymis and occasionally the lower pole of the testis
pudendal artery
sac containing the testes and epididymis
scrotum
reservoirs for sperm located posterior to the bladder
seminal vesicles
multiple septa formed from the tunica albuginea that course toward the mediastinum testis and separate the testicle into lobules
septa testis
structure made up of vas deferens, testicular artery, cremasteric artery, and pampiniform plexus that suspends the testis in the scrotum
spermatic cord
male gonad that produces hormones that include masculine features and spermatozoa
testicle
artery arising from the aorta just distal to each renal artery
testicular artery
inner fibrous membrane surrounding the testicle
tunica albuginea
membrane consisting of a visceral layer and a parietal layer lining the inner wall of the scrotum
tunica vaginalis
small membranous canal that extends from the bladder to the end of the penis
urethra
tube that connects the epididymis to the seminal vesicle
vas deferens
junction of the ejaculatory ducts with the urethra
verumontanum
terminal intratesticular arteries arising from the capsular arteries
centripetal artery
small artery arising from the inferior epigastric artery, which supplies the peritesticular tissue, including the cremasteric muscle
cremasteric artery
arises from the vesicle artery and supplies the vas deferens and epididymis
deferential artery
terminal ends of the centripetal arteries that curve backward toward the capsule
recurrent rami
formed by the pampiniform plexus
testicular vein
testicles remain within the abdomen or groin and fail to descend into the scrotal sac
cryptorchidism
cyst filled with clear, serous fluid located in the epididymis
epididymal cyst
blood located between the visceral and parietal layers of the tunica vaginalis
hematocele
fluid formed between the visceral and parietal layers of the tunica vaginalis
hydrocele
pus located between the visceral and parietal layers of the tunica vaginalis
pyocele
network of the channels formed by the convergence of the straight seminiferous tubules in the mediastinum testis
rete testis
cyst in the vas deferens containing sperm
spermatocele
dilated veins in the pampiniform plexus caused by obstruction of the venous return from the testicle
varicocele
