Study Guide Questions Flashcards
1
Q
What is the length of the estrous cycle in mares?
A
21 days
2
Q
What is the length of estrus in mares?
A
7 days (range 3-12 days)
3
Q
How long is diestrus in the mare?
A
Approximately 2 weeks (14-15 days)
4
Q
What type of breeders are mares?
What is the significance of this?
A
- Long day breeders (April-Oct)
- Photoperiod manipulation to try to change when they are being bred
5
Q
How does the uterus of the mare feel during estrus?
A
- Edematous due to influence of estrogen
6
Q
How does the uterus of the mare feel during diestrus?
A
- Maximal tone due to influence of progesterone
- Cannot palpate the corpus luteum
7
Q
How many hours of daylight are needed for photoperiod manipulation in mares?
A
- 16 hours of daylight are needed
More info: can also do combo light and progesterone +/- GnRH or dopamine antagonist like supiride or domperidone
8
Q
How long should you apply artificial light to a mare to change the breeding season?
A
- For the 60 days prior to breeding season
9
Q
When is the best timing of insemination with chilled semen in relationship to ovulation?
A
24 hours post induction (24 hours prior to ovulation)
10
Q
When is the best timing of insemination with frozen semen in relationship to ovulation (2 doses)?
A
- 24 hours and 40 hours post induction (pre and post-ovulation
- 12 hours before to 6 hours after ovulation
- Induction of ovulation followed by monitoring every 6 hours or double insemination at 24 and 40 hours post-induction
11
Q
When is the best timing of insemination with frozen semen in relationship to ovulation (1 dose)?
A
- Monitor for ovulation every 6-8 hours, then AI after ovulation
12
Q
How is ovulation induced, and what is required for induction?
A
- Use GnRH, Deslorelin (>30 mm follicle)
- Use hCG (>35 mm follicle)
- Presence of uterine edema (i.e. the mare is in estrus)
13
Q
Criteria for induction of ovulation
A
- Follicle >35 mm
- Uterine edema
- AKA the mare is in estrus
14
Q
Approximately how long after induction do mares ovulate?
A
- 36-48 hours after approximately
15
Q
How long will ovulation take to occur after hCG injected?
A
- 24-48 hours
- MAY cause anaphylactic reactions
16
Q
How long will ovulation take to occur after GnRH (deslorelin) injected?
A
- 42 hours +/- 10 hours
17
Q
When should you check the mare after insemination?
A
- 24 hours to check and make sure ovulation has occurred
- Check for accumulation of fluid and corpus hemorrhagicum
- CH indicates that ovulation has occurred; fluid indicates PMIE)
18
Q
When should you do the first pregnancy diagnosis in the mare and why?
A
- 14 days post-ovulation
- Checking for double ovulation and twins as well as quality of CL
- Can place high risk mares on progesterone therapy
19
Q
What are the recommended vaccines for the pregnant mare?
- Core and others
A
- Core (4-6 weeks before due date): Equine influenza, tetanus, EEV/WEV, Rabies, WNV)
- EHV 1 (5, 7, and 9 months; killed)
- Botulism (8th, 9th, and 10th months, 30 days before due date)
- Rotavirus
- Strep equi (Strangles)
20
Q
Etiology for contagious equine metritis?
A
- Taylorella equigenitalis
21
Q
Clinical signs of Contagious Equine Metritis (Taylorella equigenitalis) in the stallion?
A
- None
22
Q
Clinical signs of contagious equine metritis in the mare?
A
- Catarrhal metritis that can last for a cycle
- Severe cervicitis that can persist for up to 6 weeks
- Endometritis
- Salpingitis
- Infertility
- Pregnancy loss
23
Q
Tests for contagious equine metritis
A
- Culture
- PCR (gold standard)
- Test breeding with stallions (not recommended)
24
Q
Sample from the mare for dx contagious equine metritis
A
- Vaginal discharge swab
- Swab of the clitoral fossa or sinus
25
Samples from a stallion for dx contagious equine metritis
- Urethral swab
- Urethral fossa
- Semen
- Pre-ejaculatory fluid
26
Treatment in the stallion of contagious equine metritis
- Chlorhexidine gluconate, rinse, and pack with nitrofurazone
- Parenteral antibiotics
27
Treatment in the mare of contagious equine metritis
- Intrauterine penicillin/ampicillin and clean with chlorhexidine gluconate and pack with nitrofurazone or silver sulfadiazine
28
Etiology of Dourine
- Trypanosoma equiperdum
29
Clinical signs of dourine
- slow to develop
- 3 stages
- Stage 1: genital edema, vaginal or urethral discharge, weight loss
- Stage 2: fever, edema, and ulceration of external genitalia, cutaneous plaques, ventral edema
- Stage 3: anemia, neurologic disorders, paresis, death
30
Diagnosis of dourine
CF test, PCR
31
Treatment of dourine
None, euthanasia usually recommended
32
Major venereal diseases in horses
- Equine coital exanthema
- Contagious equine metritis
- Dourine
- Equine viral arteritis
- Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa
33
Signs of Klebsiella pneumonia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in stallions vs mares
Stallions: urethritis
Mares: severe endometritis and infertility
34
Etiology of equine coital exanthema
- EHV3
35
Presentation of equine coital exanthema
- Small papules progressing to pustules and ulceration; erosions with scabs on the penis
- Decreased libido in stallions
36
Diagnosis of equine coital exanthema
- PCR, viral inclusion, serology
37
Treatment of equine coital exanthema
None, but don't breed until the lesions heal
38
Common hormonal treatment protocols for elimination of estrus behavior
- Progesterones (altrenogest or progesterone)
| - Oxytocin (long-acting injections that are 70% effective and can last for 45-50 days)
39
List non-surgical contraception options in mares
- Responsible ownership
| - Immunization against GnRH (good option but not approved for use in the US yet)
40
Surgical contraception option in mares
- Ovariectomy
41
What is the most common cause of stallion-like behavior in the mare?
- Granulosa theca cell tumors
42
Clinical signs with granulosa theca cell tumors
- Affected ovary is large, and unaffected ovary is small and inactive
- Complaints are stallion-like, aggressive behavior, anestrus, and nymphomania
43
Diagnosis of GTCT
- Transrectal palpation or ultrasound
| - Can do endocrinology (progesterone, testosterone, inhibin, anti-mullerian hormone)
44
Treatment of GTCT
- Ovariectomy
45
Primary differentials for an ovarian enlargement
- Hematoma (doesn't impact estrous cycle and regresses over a few weeks)
- May require surgery
46
Most common physiologic causes of anestrus in the mare?
- seasonality, pregnancy, puberty
47
Most common pathologic causes of anestrus in the mare
- Persistent CL
- persistent endometrial cups
- ovarian tumors
- Pyometra
- other abnormalities
48
Source of uterine cysts?
- Vascular changes
| - Lymphatic cysts
49
Uterine cyst effect on fertility (major effects)
- Reduced embryonic motility
- Abnormal placentation
(also compromised cervical tone, but this is less important)
50
Treatment of uterine cysts
- Aspiration or cauterization, laser ablation
51
When do endometrial cups form?
- When there is embryonic death post-35 days
52
Diagnosis of persistent endometrial cups
- Normal genital tract
- Can measure eCG (commercial kits)
- Biopsy, hysteroscopy*
- Check for reasons of embryonic loss as well (fibrosis, metritis, iatrogenic, etc.)
53
How long can it take for a mare to get rid of endometrial cups?
3-4 months
54
Which ovarian tumors can potentially lead to anestrus (most commonly)
- Granulosa theca cell tumors
| - Luteoma
55
Pyometra and its relationship with acyclicity
- More often a cause of acyclicity than something that causes acyclicity
- CL not always present
- Often older mares with adhesions
56
What should you look for with a mare you suspect has pyometra?
- Look for adhesions
57
What should you not give a mare with pyometra?
- PGF2-alpha
58
Possible treatments of a mare with pyometra
- Laser ablation
| - They will not breed again
59
Do mares get ovarian follicular cysts?
- NO
60
Gold standard diagnosis of endometritis
- Endometrial biopsy
61
Other methods to diagnose endometritis
- Endometrial cytology and culture
- Transrectal palpation and ultrasonography show large uterus, thick edematous uterus, overt uterine edema, intrauterine fluid accumulation)
- Vaginal exam (cervicitis; fluid in the vagina or vaginal discharge)
62
What are the major isolates associated with infectious nedometritis in the mare?
- Streptococcus equi***
- E. coli
- Klebsiella pneumoniae
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa
63
What are the hormonal tests for the diagnosis of GTCT?
- Inhibin* (>0.8 ng/mL)
- Testosterone* (>100 pg/mL)
- Anti-Mullerian hormone* (>8 diagnostic)
- Also progesterone
64
Which antimicrobials need to be buffered before use in utero?
- Aminoglycosides (amikacin, gentamicin)
65
Name an antibiotic that is contraindicated for in utero use?
- Enrofloxacin (very harmful!)
66
What additional therapies can be used in mares with endometritis due to biofilm producing bacteria?
- Mucolytic agent such as n-acetylcysteine, Tris-EDTA, DMSO
67
What are the critical steps in management of mares with Persistent Mating-Induced Endometritis?
- Oxytocin to induce contraction or Cloprostenol to induce a more sustained contraction
- Treatment with topical PGE1 (misoprostol or Buscopan) to relax the cervix
68
Which agents can you use to induce luteolysis with a peristennt CL?
- Cloprostenol (PGF2-alpha analog)
| - Dinoprost tromethamine
69
What's the primary difference between cloprostenol and dinoprost tromethamine as a luteolytic agent in mares?
- Cloprostenol is a PGF2-alpha analog and has fewer side effects than dinoprost promethamine
70
Definition of persistent mating induced endometritis
- Inability of the uterus to clear inflammatory products and semen by 12 hours post-mating or artificial insemination
71
When does mastitis usually occur in the mare?
- Post-weaning
72
Causes of galactorrhea
- Milk production in non-pregnant or foaling mares due to elevated prolactin
- PPID
73
Treatment for galactorrhea
- Treat PPID with pergolide or cyproheptadine
- Can decrease feed or add bromocriptine or pergolide in other cases
- DO NOT MILK OUT
74
Describe the steps to pregnancy in the mare
- Only fertilized embryos reach the uterine cavity
- Embryo reaches the uterus at the blastocyst stage about 6 days after fertilization
- Blastocyst expands and forms the vesicle
- Transuterine mgiration provides signals preventing luteolysis
- Migration of the embryo stops at 16-17 days
- Endometrial cups form at 35 days and produce equine chorionic gonadotropin
- Placenta at 45 days
75
- Type of placentation in the amre
- Epitheliochorial microcotyledonary diffuse at 45 days
76
What does transuterine embryo migration mean and what is it is function in pregnancy?
- It means the embryo moves around the uterus from day 10-16 and signals to prevent PGF-2alpha release
- Maintenance of the pregnancy
77
When does transuterine embryo migration stop?
- Day 16 or 17, where it will fixate at the base of one of the uterine horns
78
When do endometrial cups form, and what is their function?
- They form at 35 days, and they produce equine chorionic gonadotropin to help maintain the pregnancy (35 to 120 days)
79
When does the primary CL occur?
- Day 35 to 120 days
80
When does accessory CL occur
- 35 to 120 days
81
When is progesterone highest?
35-120 days, then will go down as the accessory and primary CLs lyse
82
What maintains the pregnancy from 120 days to foaling?
- Fetal gonads
83
When is eCG highest?
- 35-120 days
84
When is estrogen highest?
- 120 days to foaling
85
What produces estrogen to maintain pregnancy?
- Fetal gonads
86
What is the expected range pregnancy loss between day 14-50 of pregnancy
3-23.5% depending on where you are, how old the mare is, the study, etc.
87
What are the major mare factors that contribute to early pregnancy loss?
- General health
- Genetic factors
- Age (perineal conformation and oocyte quality)
- Uterine disease
- Luteal insufficiency
- Nutritional factors
- Fescue toxicity (may also affect cyclicity)
- Mare Reproductive Loss Syndrome
88
What is the main effect on the cycle if mares experience pregnancy loss after day 35?
- They will be in anestrus because they still think that they are pregnant for 3-4 months up to a year
89
What are the main ultrasonographic parameters used for the evaluation of fetal well-being?
- Fetal heart rate (not below 50 bpm or above 130 bpm)
| - Decreases from 120 bpm in the first 3 months to 60 bpm in the last couple of weeks
90
What are the main fetal biometric parameters used for staging of pregnancy and evaluation of fetal growth?
- Aorta systolic diameter
- Biparietal diameter
- Eye volume
- Kidney cross-sectional area
91
What is the main ultrasonographic parameter for the evaluation of ascendent placentitis?***
- Combined uterine-placental thickness
| - 3-5 cm cranial to the cervix between middle branch of the uterine artery and allantoic fluid
92
Normal CTUP
- <7mm (151-270 days)
- <8mm (271-300 days)
- <10mm (301-330 days)
- <12mm (>331 days)
93
How does the fetal heart rate respond to stress?
- Initial tachycardia followed by bradycardia
94
What are features of fetal stress in general?
- Large areas of placental detachment
- Persistent fetal tachycardia or bradycardia
- Rapid drop in progestins
95
Source of progesterone in various parts of the pregnancy
- In the first trimester, it's the ovary (accessory and primary CL)
- Then main source is the placenta past 80 days
96
What do you suspect if progesterone is increased (above 4-9 ng)?
- Placentitis!
97
What to suspect if estrogens are low (<1000 pg/mL)
- Think that the FETUS is not normal
98
What clinical signs might you expect in cases of ascendent bacterial placentitis?
- Abortion between 6-9 months of gestation
- Premature udder development or lactation
- Vaginal discharge
- Asymptomatic
99
What are the most common bacterial isolates of ascendent bacterial placentitis?
- Streptococcus equi
- E. coli
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa
100
Features of S. equi zooepidemicus placentitis?
- Acute and focal or diffsue
101
Features of E. coli placentitis?
- Usually acute before 7 months
| - Chronic and focally extensive, involving the cervical star, after 9 months of gestation
102
Features of Pseudomonas aeruginosa placentitis?
- Either focal or diffuse with a thickened and discolored cervical star
103
Features of placentitis in the fetus?
- Persistent tachycardia or bradycardia
104
Features of placentitis on the fetoplacental unit?
- Thickening of the uterine wall (>13 mm); increased CUPT; pockets of hyperechoic fluids (pus), areas of placental separation
105
Endocrine changes with placentitis
- Increased progesterone
| - Decreased estrogens
106
Other markers of placentitis?
- Elevation of acute phase proteins (haptoglobin, serum amyloid A)
107
Features of leptospirosis placentitis in the placenta and the fetus?
- Placentitis not involving the cervical star that is heavy, edematous, and hemorrhagic
- Occasionally covered with a brown mucoid material on the chorionic surface or calcification
- Mild to moderate icterus, hepatitis, tubulonephrosis in the fetus
108
Funisitis?
- Inflammation of the umbilical cord
109
Appearance of nocardioform placentitis?
- Late term abortion or premature birth
- Chronic
- Severe, exudative, mucopurulent, and necrotizing placentitis at the junction of the placental body and horns
- Fetus severely underdeveloped
110
What causes most cases of nocardioform placentitis?
- Crossiella equi
111
What is the role of flunixin or firocoxib in treating placentitis/compromised pregnancy?
- Reduce effect of prostaglandin
112
What is the role of altrenogest, clenbuterol, or isoxsprine in treating placentitis/compromised pregnancy?
- Ensure quiescence of the uterus
113
What antibiotics can be used for placentitis?
- penicillin, TMS, gentamicin
114
What can you use to reduce inflammation and improve oxygenation in treating placentitis/compromised pregnancy?
- Pentoxyfylline
- Vitamin E
- Oxygen insufflation
115
What can you use to support fetal metabolism in treating placentitis/compromised pregnancy?
- Dextrose
116
Etiology of the two most important viral abortions in the mare?
- EVA
| - EHV-1 (also EHV-4 but that's less important)
117
Clinical signs of EHV-1
- Abort 7 months to term
- Abortion results in a fresh fetus
- Fetuses >8 months have characteristic lesions
118
Lesions of fetuses aborted due to EHV1
- >8 months have rib impressions, focal necrosis in the liver, pleural fluid, fibrin in the trachea, intra-nuclear inclusions
119
Clinical signs with EVA
- Edema due to arteritis and vasculitis
- Fever
- Respiratory disease
- Abortion 3-10 months
120
Where does EVA replicate?
- Endothelial cells and macrophages
121
How long can stallions carry EVA?
- Lifelong, as long s they are castrated
122
Diagnosis of EHV-1
- Viral inclusion
| - PCR on lung, liver, spleen, thymus of fetus
123
Diagnosis of EVA
- Viral isolation or serology from semen
124
Prevention of EHV1
- Vaccination at 5, 7, and 9 months
| - Separate mares from high risk horses
125
Prevention of EVA
- Vaccinate stallions (but wait until serologically negative and quarantine for 3-4 weeks after)
- Vaccinate mares bred to infected stallions
- Only breed to EVA negative stallions
126
Etiology of Mare Reproductive Loss Syndrome?
- Eastern tent caterpillar ingestion
127
What is Mare Reproductive Loss Syndrome?
- Early and late fetal loss, placentitis, uveitis, endocarditis
128
What are the two most common non-infectious causes of abortion in thoroughbreds?
- Twinning
| - Umbilical cord torsion
129
What techniques are used for twin reduction in the mare, and under what circumstances can you use them?
- Crushing (before fixation or day 16-17; or between day 16-30 if a bilateral fixation)
- Transvaginal ultrasound guided aspiration (30-65 days)
- Transvaginal ultrasound intracardiac injection (30 days and post-65 days)
- Abort both and lose the season (35 days onward)
- Surgical removal (past 65 days)
- Cervical dislocation (past 65 days)
130
When is it easiest to manually reduce twins in the mare?
- Before fixation (16-17 days)
131
What is the best method for diagnosis of uterine torsion?
- Transrectal palpation
| - Can palpate the broad ligaments
132
What methods are used for correction of uterine torsion?
- Rolling (requires general anesthesia; mare placed on the side of the torsion with plank on the other side; fetus must be viable)
- Surgical correction (flank or ventral midline laparotomy)
133
What is the most important factor in mare and foal survival with uterine torsion?
- Gestation (Before or after 320 days; before has a better survival rate)
- Also degree of torsion and technique used
134
What number of twists is acceptable for umbilical cord torsion?
- <7 twists
| - More than that is considered dangerous
135
What are the most common causes of prolonged pregnancy?
- Fescue toxcisosis
- Mustard toxicity
- Intrauterine growth retardation due to poor nutrition, abnormal placentation, or fetal abnormalities
136
What are the effects of fescue toxicosis on pregnancy?
- Low plasma progesterone concentration and low relaxin level
- Placental edema thickening, premature placental separation, abortion, agalactia, weak/immature foals
137
What is the accepted range of normal pregnancy length? Below what number of days of gestation are foals considered high risk?
- 335-342 days
| - <320 days is considered high risk
138
What are some indications that parturition is close (but not necessarily impending any second)?
- Mammary development increases about 1 month bfore
| - Waxing occurs about 24-48 hours before parturition
139
How would you determine the timing of foaling in a mare (closer to foaling)?
- CCTV or webcam
- Mare position devices (Birthalarm, Equipage, Breeder Alert)
- Vulvar stretching (Foal alert)
- Biochemical tests on mammary secretions (Na/K, Calcium)
140
What happens to pH close to parturition?
Drops
141
What happens during stage 1 parturition in the mare?
- Positioning of the fetus
| - Goes from dorsopubic to dorsosacral with extension of the forelimbs and head in-between the front limbs
142
Normal duration of stage 2 parturition
- 17-20 minutes
| - If more than 20 minutes, we need to assess for a normal patient
143
What is the normal duration of the third stage of parturition?
- 45 minutes
| - Considered retained if it lasts longer than 3 hours
144
What is "red bag"?
- Premature placental separation
| - You are viewing the allantochorionic membrane
145
Predisposing factors for red bag?
- Placentitis and red bag toxicosis
146
What is the primary difference between controlled vaginal delivery and assisted vaginal delivery?
- Controlled vaginal delivery is under general anesthesia with a hoist, whereas assisted vaginal delivery is under sedation with caudal epidural
147
Sedation and analgesia for AVD
- xylazine and butorphanol or detomidine and butorphanol
| - Caudal epidural with lidocaine
148
Which relaxants can be used for AVD?
- Clenbuterol or Buscopan
149
What is the name for inflammation of the umbilical cord?
- Funisitis
150
How long should manipulation be for AVD and CVD?
- Maximum of 15 minutes of manipulation for either
151
What types of deviations is CVD most useful for?
- Hock or shoulder flexion
- Bilateral hip flexion or unilateral hip flexion
- Ventral head and neck deviation
152
What types of deviations is AVD most useful for?
- Lateral head and neck deviation
- Foot nape
- Carpal flexion
153
What is the single most important factor in foal survival during dystocia in the mare?
- I think the length of time it takes them to get the foal out once parturition stage 2 has started but not sure?
154
What are the most common fetal abnormalities associated with dystocia in the mare?
- Not sure, should ask
155
When should you perform a post-partum exam in the mare?
I think within about 24 hours
156
What are the important aspects of the placenta examination in the mare?
- Record the time from foaling to passage of the placenta
- Weight should be 10-12% of the foal's birth weight
- Keep it refrigerated
- Make sure it's complete
- Impression smears on plaques or pus
- Look for avillous areas
157
Compare the abdominocentesis expected findings of the following conditions for the depressed postpartum mare:
- Septic metritis
- Perineal bruising and vulvar hematoma
- Periparturient hemorrhage
- Intussusception of the uterine horn and uterine prolapse
- GI process (large colon volvulus; ruptured cecum; ischemic necrosis of the small intestine)
- Septic metritis: increased TP and WBC
- Perineal bruising and vulvar hematoma: increased TP and WBC
- Periparturient hemorrhage: blood
- Intussusception of the uterine horn and/or uterine prolapse: elevated TP but normal WBC
- GI process (brown GI fluid)
158
Which part of the placenta is more likely to be retained in case of retained placenta?
- Tip of the non-pregnant horn
159
Options of treatment for retained placenta (initial)
- Initial: flush with warm saline (distend and remove)
- Oxytocin drip
- Evaluate calcium and give calcium gluconate if needed
160
Options for treatment of retained placenta (longer than 6-8 hours)
- Broad spectrum antibiotics (ampicillin, gentamicin, kanamycin, ticarcillin, ceftiofur)
- NSAIDs and tetanus prophylaxis
161
What genital disorders are responsible for depression in the post-partum mare?
- Septic metritis
- Retained placenta
- Rectovaginal tear and perineal lacerations
- Vulvar hematoma
- Postpartum hemorrhage
- Uterine tears or rupture
- Uterine intussusception
- Vaginal prolapse or rectal prolapse
- GIT complications (large colon volvulus; rupture of the cecum; necrosis of the small intestine, small colon, and/or mesentery)
162
Proper medical management of toxic metritis
- IVF +/- polymixin B
- Flunixin meglumine
- Systemic IV antibiotics
- +/- Pentoxyfylline
- Laminitis preventatives (soft bedding, ice boots, foot pads)
- Large volume uterine lavage with warm fluid added as well as salt and iodine
163
What are your recommendations for a 3rd degree perineal body laceration?
- I'm pretty sure surgery
164
Treatment for postpartum hemorrhage
- Minimize excitement: place in a dark, quiet stall
- Flunixin meglumine and butorphanol for pain and calming down
- Prevent shock with corticosteroids, nasal oxygen, pentoxyfylline
- Fluid therapy (2-3 L hypertonic followed by 10-20 L of LRS)
- Whole blood transfusion if PCV <15%
- Naloxone can help (block effect of endogenous opioids)
- Aminocaproic acid (antifibrinolytic)
- Yunnan baiyao
165
What are the major gastrointestinal disorders in the postpartum mare?
- Large colon volvulus
- Rupture of the cecum
- necrosis of the small intestine, mesentery, or small colon
- Rectal impaction
166
What is the impact of EVA on stallions?
- Fever
- Conjunctivitis
- Edema (vasculitis and arteritis)
- Respiratory disease
- Stallions will become carriers as it is maintained by testosterone
167
Prevention of EVA
- Vaccination of stallions
- Vaccination of mares bred to stallions
- Breed only to negative stallions
168
What testicular parameters/measurements are used to predict stallion sperm production
- Total SCROTAL width
- Length, height, and width
- VOlume
169
What drug should not be used in stallions because it may cause paraphimosis?
- Acepromazine
| - Other phenothiazine tranquilizers (propionyl promazine)
170
Causes of penile paralysis
- Damage to sacral nerves
- Infectious disease (EHV1, Rabies, Streptococcal purpura hemorrhage)
- Trauma
- Phenothiazine tranquilizers
- Exhaustion
- Starvation
171
What is the most common tumor of the penis in stallions?
- Squamous cell carcinoma
172
What is the most common parasitic lesion of the penis in stallions?
- Summer sores (Habronema)
173
What is the most common tumor of the penis in stallions?
- Squamous cell carcinoma
174
What are the main non-infectious causes of sudden testicular or scrotal enlargement?
- Trauma
- Orchitis
- Spermatic cord torsion
- Inguinal hernia
175
Most common testicular tumor in stallions
- Seminoma (solve by castration with taking as much of the spermatic cord as possible, and palpate inguinal lymph node to evaluate for metastasis)
176
Most common testicular tumor in stallions
- Seminoma (solve by castration with taking as much of the spermatic cord as possible, and
177
What drugs may be used to induce ejaculation?
- Most successful: imipramine plus xylazine
| - Can be used alone as well (detomidine can also be used alone)
178
WHat are some causes of urospermia in stallions
- Cauda equina neuritis
- EHV1
- Sorghum and Sudan grass
- Severe pain
- Urolithiasis
- Generalized neoplasia
179
WHat are some causes of urospermia in stallions
- Cauda equina neuritis
- EHV1
- Sorghum and Sudan grass
- Severe pain
- Urolithiasis
- Generalized neoplasia
180
Oligozoospermia
- Testicular degeneration
- Incomplete ejaculation (plugged ampullae)
- Retrograde ejaculation (rare)
181
How would you determine if azoospermia is due to primary lack of spermatogenesis?
- AlkP
- If low (<100 IU/L, epididymal and testicular secretions not present)
- If 100-1000 IU/L re-evaluate
182
How would you determine if azoospermia is due to primary lack of spermatogenesis?
- AlkP
- If low (<100 IU/L, epididymal and testicular secretions not present)
- If 100-1000 IU/L re-evaluate
183
What are some causes of hemospermia in the stallion?
- Urethritis and urethral rents (most common)
- Surface of the penis
- Seminal vesiculitis
184
Management during breeding season
- Fractionated ejaculate
- Collect into an extender
- Chemical ejaculation probably not helpful
185
Treatment for seminal vesiculitis
- Direct flushing
- Antibiotic infusion
- Systemic antibiotics
- NSAIDs
- Minimum contamination breeding and AI
186
Where do they look for urethral rents?
- Urethra at the level of the ischial arch and just cranial to that
187
What is the mechanism of ovulation induction in camelids?
- Induced by mating (seminal plasma containing Beta-nerve growth factor)
188
What is the mechanism of ovulation induction in camelids?
- Induced by mating (seminal plasma containing Beta-nerve growth factor)
189
How long after mating does ovulation occur in llamas and alpaca?
- 30 hours
190
What is a major characteristic of pregnancy in camelids with regard to fetus location?
- Always in the left fetal horn
191
What is a major characteristic of pregnancy in camelids with regard to fetus location?
- Always in the left fetal horn
192
What is the primary source of progesterone during pregnancy in camelids?
- corpus luteum throughout pregnancy
193
What type of placentation do camelids have?
- Diffuse epitheliochorial microcotyledonary
194
When can llamas and alpacas be mated again after parturition?
15-21 days
195
When can llamas and alpacas be mated again after parturition?
15-21 days
196
What is the proper management of uterine torsion?
- Rolling (plank on the flank technique)
- Transvaginal manipulation (at term)
- Midline laparotomy if surgical
197
What is the proper management of uterine torsion?
- Rolling (plank on the flank technique)
- Transvaginal manipulation (at term)
- Midline laparotomy if surgical
198
What is medical management for hepatic lipidosis
- Correct acid, base, and electrolyte abnormalities
- Correct hydration (IVF, CMPK)
- Oral fluids, IVC
- Induce parturition with cloprostenol if full term
- Stimulate eating (transfaunate)
- Restore glucose homeostasis
- If fetus is dead, may need to remove the fetus
199
What hematological and blood serum biochemistry changes are common in cases of hepatic lipidosis?
- Lipemic serum***
- Inflammatory leukogram (leukopenia, neutropenia, left shift, lymphopenia)
- High GGT, AST, AP
- Azotemia and hyperphosphatemia
- Hyperglycemia
- Hyperglobulinemia
- Likely urine ketones?
200
What hematological and blood serum biochemistry changes are common in cases of hepatic lipidosis?
- Lipemic serum
- Inflammatory leukogram (leukopenia, neutropenia, left shift, lymphopenia)
- High GGT, AST, AP
- Azotemia and hyperphosphatemia
- Hyperglycemia
- Hyperglobulinemia
- Likely urine ketones?
201
How long is stage 1 in camelids?
- Variable, 3-8 hours
202
How long is stage 3 in camelids and when is the placenta considered retained?
- In general one hour, retained if >6 hours
203
Why is fetotomy not a good option for management of dystocia in alpacas?
- Too small I think
| - Adhesions can happen
204
What is the best approach for Cesarean section in alpacas in the field?
- Sternal
- Sternal then lateral
- See the picture for where exactly to cut
205
Indications for C-section
- Dystocia and can't reduce fetal malposition or posture
- Uterine torsion
- Fetal-maternal disproportion (rare)
206
What are consequences of prolonged vaginal manipulation in alpacas?
- Adhesions
| - Fetal asphyxia too I think
207
When does the breeding season occur in the ewe and the doe?
- Fall
208
Length of estrous in the ewe?
- 16-18 days
209
Length of estrous in the doe?
- 18-24 days
210
Methods and timing for pregnancy diagnosis in small ruminants
- Pregnancy associated glycoproteins from 30 days
| - Pregnancy diagnosis by ultrasonography can be 25-35 days transrectally or 35 days on transabdominally
211
Methods and timing for pregnancy diagnosis in camelids?
- Transrectal ultrasound from 16-35 days
| - Transabdominal from 35 days to term
212
What are placental associated glycoproteins?
- Way to diagnose pregnancy in small ruminants from 30 days on
213
What is the major mechanism of maintenance of pregnancy in the ewe?
- CL until day 55
214
What is the major mechanism of pregnancy maintenance in the doe?
- CL throughout pregnancy
215
what is the type of placentation in sheep and goats?
- Epitheliochorial, cotyledonary
216
What is the mechanism of maternal recognition of pregnancy in sheep and goats?
- Interferon tau
217
What does the term cloud burst refer to?
- Pseudopregnancy (persistence of CL in absence of viable conceptus)
218
What does the term "Pizzle rot" refer to?
- Ulcerative balanoposthitis or inflammation of the penis and prepuce
219
Etiology of Pizzle rot
- Corynebacterium renale
| - Commensal bacteria that likes urea and will degrade it to ammonia, which is caustic
220
Risk factors for pizzle rot?
- Higher nutrition and wet barn
221
What is the major cause of contagious epididymitis in rams?
Brucella ovis
- Think with poor motility and abnormal morphology on a ram BSE
222
What are common predisposing factors for vaginal prolapse in ewes?
- Genetics
- Obesity
- Twins (or more feti)
- Rumen fill (high fiber diet)
- Older ewes
- Tail docked too close
- COughing (lungworm)
- Diarrhea (coccidiosis)
223
What methods can be used to manage ewes with vaginal prolapse?
- Prolapse retainer (Harness, paddle, vaginal retainer)
- Lidocaine or xylazine block
- modified Buhner
- Pursestring
- Minchek
- Ultimately recommend culling
224
What are predisposing factors for pregnancy toxemia?
- Multiple feti
- Late pregnancy
- Mature ewes
- Obese or under-conditioned
- Poor nutrition
225
What field tests are useful for diagnosis of pregnancy toxemia?
- Urinalysis (ketonuria, proteinuria)
| - Glucometer (hypoglycemia)
226
What serum biochemistry abnormalities are often associated with pregnancy toxemia in sheep and goats?
- Hypoglycemia
- +/- hypocalcemia
- Hyperfibrinogenemia
- Leukocytosis
- Elevated CK
- Elevated AST
- Hypokalemia
- Acidosis
- Elevated blood BHB
227
WHat is the most common parasite causing abortion in sheep and goats?
- Toxoplasmosis
228
What are the major bacterial causes of abortion in the sheep and goat in North America?
- Chlamydophilus
- Q fever (Coxiella burnetii)
- Campylobacteriosis
229
What are the major viral causes of abortion in the sheep and goat in North America?
- Bluetongue virus
- Cache valley virus
- BDV
- Caprine herpesvirus
230
What are some of the clinical signs associated with Chlamydiosis?
- Pneumonia
- Late term abortions (third trimester) primarily
- Polyarthritis, pneumonia
- Keratoconjunctivitis
- Enteritis
- Encephalomyelitis
231
Fetal lesions associated with toxoplasmosis?
- Mummification, stillborn, abortion
232
Placental lesions associated with toxoplasmosis?
- Acute or chronic placentitis
| - Cotyledons are primarily affected, and intercotyledonary areas are generally normal
233
Which species (doe vs ewe) is more susceptible to Toxoplasmosis?
- Doe
234
What fetal lesions are often associated with campylobacteriosis abortion in ewes?
- Target lesions on the liver (areas of focal hepatic necrosis)
235
What are some lesions associated with Q fever?
- Non-suppurative placentitis and vasculitis
- Grossly, intercotyledonary areas are thickened with leathery appearance, and are covered with brownish-red exudate
- Cotyledons are swollen
- Fetus doesn't show gross lesions often and are generally fresh and less autolytic
- Rarely, interstitial nephritis, bronchopneumonia, portal hepatitis
- Often the does are asymptomatic besides abortion
- Abortion is usually late in gestation
236
Which antibiotic is often used in the face of an outbreak of abortion in small ruminants?
- Tetracycline
