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Equine Therio > Study Guide Questions > Flashcards

Study Guide Questions Flashcards

1
Q

What is the length of the estrous cycle in mares?

A

21 days

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2
Q

What is the length of estrus in mares?

A

7 days (range 3-12 days)

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3
Q

How long is diestrus in the mare?

A

Approximately 2 weeks (14-15 days)

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4
Q

What type of breeders are mares?

What is the significance of this?

A
  • Long day breeders (April-Oct)

- Photoperiod manipulation to try to change when they are being bred

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5
Q

How does the uterus of the mare feel during estrus?

A
  • Edematous due to influence of estrogen
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6
Q

How does the uterus of the mare feel during diestrus?

A
  • Maximal tone due to influence of progesterone

- Cannot palpate the corpus luteum

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7
Q

How many hours of daylight are needed for photoperiod manipulation in mares?

A
  • 16 hours of daylight are needed

More info: can also do combo light and progesterone +/- GnRH or dopamine antagonist like supiride or domperidone

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8
Q

How long should you apply artificial light to a mare to change the breeding season?

A
  • For the 60 days prior to breeding season
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9
Q

When is the best timing of insemination with chilled semen in relationship to ovulation?

A

24 hours post induction (24 hours prior to ovulation)

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10
Q

When is the best timing of insemination with frozen semen in relationship to ovulation (2 doses)?

A
  • 24 hours and 40 hours post induction (pre and post-ovulation
  • 12 hours before to 6 hours after ovulation
  • Induction of ovulation followed by monitoring every 6 hours or double insemination at 24 and 40 hours post-induction
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11
Q

When is the best timing of insemination with frozen semen in relationship to ovulation (1 dose)?

A
  • Monitor for ovulation every 6-8 hours, then AI after ovulation
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12
Q

How is ovulation induced, and what is required for induction?

A
  • Use GnRH, Deslorelin (>30 mm follicle)
  • Use hCG (>35 mm follicle)
  • Presence of uterine edema (i.e. the mare is in estrus)
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13
Q

Criteria for induction of ovulation

A
  • Follicle >35 mm
  • Uterine edema
  • AKA the mare is in estrus
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14
Q

Approximately how long after induction do mares ovulate?

A
  • 36-48 hours after approximately
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15
Q

How long will ovulation take to occur after hCG injected?

A
  • 24-48 hours

- MAY cause anaphylactic reactions

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16
Q

How long will ovulation take to occur after GnRH (deslorelin) injected?

A
  • 42 hours +/- 10 hours
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17
Q

When should you check the mare after insemination?

A
  • 24 hours to check and make sure ovulation has occurred
  • Check for accumulation of fluid and corpus hemorrhagicum
  • CH indicates that ovulation has occurred; fluid indicates PMIE)
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18
Q

When should you do the first pregnancy diagnosis in the mare and why?

A
  • 14 days post-ovulation
  • Checking for double ovulation and twins as well as quality of CL
  • Can place high risk mares on progesterone therapy
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19
Q

What are the recommended vaccines for the pregnant mare?

  • Core and others
A
  • Core (4-6 weeks before due date): Equine influenza, tetanus, EEV/WEV, Rabies, WNV)
  • EHV 1 (5, 7, and 9 months; killed)
  • Botulism (8th, 9th, and 10th months, 30 days before due date)
  • Rotavirus
  • Strep equi (Strangles)
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20
Q

Etiology for contagious equine metritis?

A
  • Taylorella equigenitalis
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21
Q

Clinical signs of Contagious Equine Metritis (Taylorella equigenitalis) in the stallion?

A
  • None
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22
Q

Clinical signs of contagious equine metritis in the mare?

A
  • Catarrhal metritis that can last for a cycle
  • Severe cervicitis that can persist for up to 6 weeks
  • Endometritis
  • Salpingitis
  • Infertility
  • Pregnancy loss
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23
Q

Tests for contagious equine metritis

A
  • Culture
  • PCR (gold standard)
  • Test breeding with stallions (not recommended)
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24
Q

Sample from the mare for dx contagious equine metritis

A
  • Vaginal discharge swab

- Swab of the clitoral fossa or sinus

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25
Q

Samples from a stallion for dx contagious equine metritis

A
  • Urethral swab
  • Urethral fossa
  • Semen
  • Pre-ejaculatory fluid
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26
Q

Treatment in the stallion of contagious equine metritis

A
  • Chlorhexidine gluconate, rinse, and pack with nitrofurazone
  • Parenteral antibiotics
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27
Q

Treatment in the mare of contagious equine metritis

A
  • Intrauterine penicillin/ampicillin and clean with chlorhexidine gluconate and pack with nitrofurazone or silver sulfadiazine
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28
Q

Etiology of Dourine

A
  • Trypanosoma equiperdum
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29
Q

Clinical signs of dourine

A
  • slow to develop
  • 3 stages
  • Stage 1: genital edema, vaginal or urethral discharge, weight loss
  • Stage 2: fever, edema, and ulceration of external genitalia, cutaneous plaques, ventral edema
  • Stage 3: anemia, neurologic disorders, paresis, death
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30
Q

Diagnosis of dourine

A

CF test, PCR

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31
Q

Treatment of dourine

A

None, euthanasia usually recommended

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32
Q

Major venereal diseases in horses

A
  • Equine coital exanthema
  • Contagious equine metritis
  • Dourine
  • Equine viral arteritis
  • Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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33
Q

Signs of Klebsiella pneumonia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in stallions vs mares

A

Stallions: urethritis

Mares: severe endometritis and infertility

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34
Q

Etiology of equine coital exanthema

A
  • EHV3
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35
Q

Presentation of equine coital exanthema

A
  • Small papules progressing to pustules and ulceration; erosions with scabs on the penis
  • Decreased libido in stallions
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36
Q

Diagnosis of equine coital exanthema

A
  • PCR, viral inclusion, serology
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37
Q

Treatment of equine coital exanthema

A

None, but don’t breed until the lesions heal

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38
Q

Common hormonal treatment protocols for elimination of estrus behavior

A
  • Progesterones (altrenogest or progesterone)

- Oxytocin (long-acting injections that are 70% effective and can last for 45-50 days)

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39
Q

List non-surgical contraception options in mares

A
  • Responsible ownership

- Immunization against GnRH (good option but not approved for use in the US yet)

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40
Q

Surgical contraception option in mares

A
  • Ovariectomy
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41
Q

What is the most common cause of stallion-like behavior in the mare?

A
  • Granulosa theca cell tumors
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42
Q

Clinical signs with granulosa theca cell tumors

A
  • Affected ovary is large, and unaffected ovary is small and inactive
  • Complaints are stallion-like, aggressive behavior, anestrus, and nymphomania
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43
Q

Diagnosis of GTCT

A
  • Transrectal palpation or ultrasound

- Can do endocrinology (progesterone, testosterone, inhibin, anti-mullerian hormone)

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44
Q

Treatment of GTCT

A
  • Ovariectomy
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45
Q

Primary differentials for an ovarian enlargement

A
  • Hematoma (doesn’t impact estrous cycle and regresses over a few weeks)
  • May require surgery
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46
Q

Most common physiologic causes of anestrus in the mare?

A
  • seasonality, pregnancy, puberty
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47
Q

Most common pathologic causes of anestrus in the mare

A
  • Persistent CL
  • persistent endometrial cups
  • ovarian tumors
  • Pyometra
  • other abnormalities
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48
Q

Source of uterine cysts?

A
  • Vascular changes

- Lymphatic cysts

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49
Q

Uterine cyst effect on fertility (major effects)

A
  • Reduced embryonic motility
  • Abnormal placentation

(also compromised cervical tone, but this is less important)

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50
Q

Treatment of uterine cysts

A
  • Aspiration or cauterization, laser ablation
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51
Q

When do endometrial cups form?

A
  • When there is embryonic death post-35 days
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52
Q

Diagnosis of persistent endometrial cups

A
  • Normal genital tract
  • Can measure eCG (commercial kits)
  • Biopsy, hysteroscopy*
  • Check for reasons of embryonic loss as well (fibrosis, metritis, iatrogenic, etc.)
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53
Q

How long can it take for a mare to get rid of endometrial cups?

A

3-4 months

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54
Q

Which ovarian tumors can potentially lead to anestrus (most commonly)

A
  • Granulosa theca cell tumors

- Luteoma

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55
Q

Pyometra and its relationship with acyclicity

A
  • More often a cause of acyclicity than something that causes acyclicity
  • CL not always present
  • Often older mares with adhesions
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56
Q

What should you look for with a mare you suspect has pyometra?

A
  • Look for adhesions
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57
Q

What should you not give a mare with pyometra?

A
  • PGF2-alpha
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58
Q

Possible treatments of a mare with pyometra

A
  • Laser ablation

- They will not breed again

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59
Q

Do mares get ovarian follicular cysts?

A
  • NO
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60
Q

Gold standard diagnosis of endometritis

A
  • Endometrial biopsy
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61
Q

Other methods to diagnose endometritis

A
  • Endometrial cytology and culture
  • Transrectal palpation and ultrasonography show large uterus, thick edematous uterus, overt uterine edema, intrauterine fluid accumulation)
  • Vaginal exam (cervicitis; fluid in the vagina or vaginal discharge)
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62
Q

What are the major isolates associated with infectious nedometritis in the mare?

A
  • Streptococcus equi***
  • E. coli
  • Klebsiella pneumoniae
  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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63
Q

What are the hormonal tests for the diagnosis of GTCT?

A
  • Inhibin* (>0.8 ng/mL)
  • Testosterone* (>100 pg/mL)
  • Anti-Mullerian hormone* (>8 diagnostic)
  • Also progesterone
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64
Q

Which antimicrobials need to be buffered before use in utero?

A
  • Aminoglycosides (amikacin, gentamicin)
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65
Q

Name an antibiotic that is contraindicated for in utero use?

A
  • Enrofloxacin (very harmful!)
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66
Q

What additional therapies can be used in mares with endometritis due to biofilm producing bacteria?

A
  • Mucolytic agent such as n-acetylcysteine, Tris-EDTA, DMSO
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67
Q

What are the critical steps in management of mares with Persistent Mating-Induced Endometritis?

A
  • Oxytocin to induce contraction or Cloprostenol to induce a more sustained contraction
  • Treatment with topical PGE1 (misoprostol or Buscopan) to relax the cervix
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68
Q

Which agents can you use to induce luteolysis with a peristennt CL?

A
  • Cloprostenol (PGF2-alpha analog)

- Dinoprost tromethamine

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69
Q

What’s the primary difference between cloprostenol and dinoprost tromethamine as a luteolytic agent in mares?

A
  • Cloprostenol is a PGF2-alpha analog and has fewer side effects than dinoprost promethamine
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70
Q

Definition of persistent mating induced endometritis

A
  • Inability of the uterus to clear inflammatory products and semen by 12 hours post-mating or artificial insemination
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71
Q

When does mastitis usually occur in the mare?

A
  • Post-weaning
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72
Q

Causes of galactorrhea

A
  • Milk production in non-pregnant or foaling mares due to elevated prolactin
  • PPID
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73
Q

Treatment for galactorrhea

A
  • Treat PPID with pergolide or cyproheptadine
  • Can decrease feed or add bromocriptine or pergolide in other cases
  • DO NOT MILK OUT
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74
Q

Describe the steps to pregnancy in the mare

A
  • Only fertilized embryos reach the uterine cavity
  • Embryo reaches the uterus at the blastocyst stage about 6 days after fertilization
  • Blastocyst expands and forms the vesicle
  • Transuterine mgiration provides signals preventing luteolysis
  • Migration of the embryo stops at 16-17 days
  • Endometrial cups form at 35 days and produce equine chorionic gonadotropin
  • Placenta at 45 days
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75
Q
  • Type of placentation in the amre
A
  • Epitheliochorial microcotyledonary diffuse at 45 days
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76
Q

What does transuterine embryo migration mean and what is it is function in pregnancy?

A
  • It means the embryo moves around the uterus from day 10-16 and signals to prevent PGF-2alpha release
  • Maintenance of the pregnancy
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77
Q

When does transuterine embryo migration stop?

A
  • Day 16 or 17, where it will fixate at the base of one of the uterine horns
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78
Q

When do endometrial cups form, and what is their function?

A
  • They form at 35 days, and they produce equine chorionic gonadotropin to help maintain the pregnancy (35 to 120 days)
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79
Q

When does the primary CL occur?

A
  • Day 35 to 120 days
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80
Q

When does accessory CL occur

A
  • 35 to 120 days
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81
Q

When is progesterone highest?

A

35-120 days, then will go down as the accessory and primary CLs lyse

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82
Q

What maintains the pregnancy from 120 days to foaling?

A
  • Fetal gonads
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83
Q

When is eCG highest?

A
  • 35-120 days
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84
Q

When is estrogen highest?

A
  • 120 days to foaling
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85
Q

What produces estrogen to maintain pregnancy?

A
  • Fetal gonads
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86
Q

What is the expected range pregnancy loss between day 14-50 of pregnancy

A

3-23.5% depending on where you are, how old the mare is, the study, etc.

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87
Q

What are the major mare factors that contribute to early pregnancy loss?

A
  • General health
  • Genetic factors
  • Age (perineal conformation and oocyte quality)
  • Uterine disease
  • Luteal insufficiency
  • Nutritional factors
  • Fescue toxicity (may also affect cyclicity)
  • Mare Reproductive Loss Syndrome
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88
Q

What is the main effect on the cycle if mares experience pregnancy loss after day 35?

A
  • They will be in anestrus because they still think that they are pregnant for 3-4 months up to a year
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89
Q

What are the main ultrasonographic parameters used for the evaluation of fetal well-being?

A
  • Fetal heart rate (not below 50 bpm or above 130 bpm)

- Decreases from 120 bpm in the first 3 months to 60 bpm in the last couple of weeks

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90
Q

What are the main fetal biometric parameters used for staging of pregnancy and evaluation of fetal growth?

A
  • Aorta systolic diameter
  • Biparietal diameter
  • Eye volume
  • Kidney cross-sectional area
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91
Q

What is the main ultrasonographic parameter for the evaluation of ascendent placentitis?***

A
  • Combined uterine-placental thickness

- 3-5 cm cranial to the cervix between middle branch of the uterine artery and allantoic fluid

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92
Q

Normal CTUP

A
  • <7mm (151-270 days)
  • <8mm (271-300 days)
  • <10mm (301-330 days)
  • <12mm (>331 days)
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93
Q

How does the fetal heart rate respond to stress?

A
  • Initial tachycardia followed by bradycardia
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94
Q

What are features of fetal stress in general?

A
  • Large areas of placental detachment
  • Persistent fetal tachycardia or bradycardia
  • Rapid drop in progestins
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95
Q

Source of progesterone in various parts of the pregnancy

A
  • In the first trimester, it’s the ovary (accessory and primary CL)
  • Then main source is the placenta past 80 days
96
Q

What do you suspect if progesterone is increased (above 4-9 ng)?

A
  • Placentitis!
97
Q

What to suspect if estrogens are low (<1000 pg/mL)

A
  • Think that the FETUS is not normal
98
Q

What clinical signs might you expect in cases of ascendent bacterial placentitis?

A
  • Abortion between 6-9 months of gestation
  • Premature udder development or lactation
  • Vaginal discharge
  • Asymptomatic
99
Q

What are the most common bacterial isolates of ascendent bacterial placentitis?

A
  • Streptococcus equi
  • E. coli
  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa
100
Q

Features of S. equi zooepidemicus placentitis?

A
  • Acute and focal or diffsue
101
Q

Features of E. coli placentitis?

A
  • Usually acute before 7 months

- Chronic and focally extensive, involving the cervical star, after 9 months of gestation

102
Q

Features of Pseudomonas aeruginosa placentitis?

A
  • Either focal or diffuse with a thickened and discolored cervical star
103
Q

Features of placentitis in the fetus?

A
  • Persistent tachycardia or bradycardia
104
Q

Features of placentitis on the fetoplacental unit?

A
  • Thickening of the uterine wall (>13 mm); increased CUPT; pockets of hyperechoic fluids (pus), areas of placental separation
105
Q

Endocrine changes with placentitis

A
  • Increased progesterone

- Decreased estrogens

106
Q

Other markers of placentitis?

A
  • Elevation of acute phase proteins (haptoglobin, serum amyloid A)
107
Q

Features of leptospirosis placentitis in the placenta and the fetus?

A
  • Placentitis not involving the cervical star that is heavy, edematous, and hemorrhagic
  • Occasionally covered with a brown mucoid material on the chorionic surface or calcification
  • Mild to moderate icterus, hepatitis, tubulonephrosis in the fetus
108
Q

Funisitis?

A
  • Inflammation of the umbilical cord
109
Q

Appearance of nocardioform placentitis?

A
  • Late term abortion or premature birth
  • Chronic
  • Severe, exudative, mucopurulent, and necrotizing placentitis at the junction of the placental body and horns
  • Fetus severely underdeveloped
110
Q

What causes most cases of nocardioform placentitis?

A
  • Crossiella equi
111
Q

What is the role of flunixin or firocoxib in treating placentitis/compromised pregnancy?

A
  • Reduce effect of prostaglandin
112
Q

What is the role of altrenogest, clenbuterol, or isoxsprine in treating placentitis/compromised pregnancy?

A
  • Ensure quiescence of the uterus
113
Q

What antibiotics can be used for placentitis?

A
  • penicillin, TMS, gentamicin
114
Q

What can you use to reduce inflammation and improve oxygenation in treating placentitis/compromised pregnancy?

A
  • Pentoxyfylline
  • Vitamin E
  • Oxygen insufflation
115
Q

What can you use to support fetal metabolism in treating placentitis/compromised pregnancy?

A
  • Dextrose
116
Q

Etiology of the two most important viral abortions in the mare?

A
  • EVA

- EHV-1 (also EHV-4 but that’s less important)

117
Q

Clinical signs of EHV-1

A
  • Abort 7 months to term
  • Abortion results in a fresh fetus
  • Fetuses >8 months have characteristic lesions
118
Q

Lesions of fetuses aborted due to EHV1

A
  • > 8 months have rib impressions, focal necrosis in the liver, pleural fluid, fibrin in the trachea, intra-nuclear inclusions
119
Q

Clinical signs with EVA

A
  • Edema due to arteritis and vasculitis
  • Fever
  • Respiratory disease
  • Abortion 3-10 months
120
Q

Where does EVA replicate?

A
  • Endothelial cells and macrophages
121
Q

How long can stallions carry EVA?

A
  • Lifelong, as long s they are castrated
122
Q

Diagnosis of EHV-1

A
  • Viral inclusion

- PCR on lung, liver, spleen, thymus of fetus

123
Q

Diagnosis of EVA

A
  • Viral isolation or serology from semen
124
Q

Prevention of EHV1

A
  • Vaccination at 5, 7, and 9 months

- Separate mares from high risk horses

125
Q

Prevention of EVA

A
  • Vaccinate stallions (but wait until serologically negative and quarantine for 3-4 weeks after)
  • Vaccinate mares bred to infected stallions
  • Only breed to EVA negative stallions
126
Q

Etiology of Mare Reproductive Loss Syndrome?

A
  • Eastern tent caterpillar ingestion
127
Q

What is Mare Reproductive Loss Syndrome?

A
  • Early and late fetal loss, placentitis, uveitis, endocarditis
128
Q

What are the two most common non-infectious causes of abortion in thoroughbreds?

A
  • Twinning

- Umbilical cord torsion

129
Q

What techniques are used for twin reduction in the mare, and under what circumstances can you use them?

A
  • Crushing (before fixation or day 16-17; or between day 16-30 if a bilateral fixation)
  • Transvaginal ultrasound guided aspiration (30-65 days)
  • Transvaginal ultrasound intracardiac injection (30 days and post-65 days)
  • Abort both and lose the season (35 days onward)
  • Surgical removal (past 65 days)
  • Cervical dislocation (past 65 days)
130
Q

When is it easiest to manually reduce twins in the mare?

A
  • Before fixation (16-17 days)
131
Q

What is the best method for diagnosis of uterine torsion?

A
  • Transrectal palpation

- Can palpate the broad ligaments

132
Q

What methods are used for correction of uterine torsion?

A
  • Rolling (requires general anesthesia; mare placed on the side of the torsion with plank on the other side; fetus must be viable)
  • Surgical correction (flank or ventral midline laparotomy)
133
Q

What is the most important factor in mare and foal survival with uterine torsion?

A
  • Gestation (Before or after 320 days; before has a better survival rate)
  • Also degree of torsion and technique used
134
Q

What number of twists is acceptable for umbilical cord torsion?

A
  • <7 twists

- More than that is considered dangerous

135
Q

What are the most common causes of prolonged pregnancy?

A
  • Fescue toxcisosis
  • Mustard toxicity
  • Intrauterine growth retardation due to poor nutrition, abnormal placentation, or fetal abnormalities
136
Q

What are the effects of fescue toxicosis on pregnancy?

A
  • Low plasma progesterone concentration and low relaxin level
  • Placental edema thickening, premature placental separation, abortion, agalactia, weak/immature foals
137
Q

What is the accepted range of normal pregnancy length? Below what number of days of gestation are foals considered high risk?

A
  • 335-342 days

- <320 days is considered high risk

138
Q

What are some indications that parturition is close (but not necessarily impending any second)?

A
  • Mammary development increases about 1 month bfore

- Waxing occurs about 24-48 hours before parturition

139
Q

How would you determine the timing of foaling in a mare (closer to foaling)?

A
  • CCTV or webcam
  • Mare position devices (Birthalarm, Equipage, Breeder Alert)
  • Vulvar stretching (Foal alert)
  • Biochemical tests on mammary secretions (Na/K, Calcium)
140
Q

What happens to pH close to parturition?

A

Drops

141
Q

What happens during stage 1 parturition in the mare?

A
  • Positioning of the fetus

- Goes from dorsopubic to dorsosacral with extension of the forelimbs and head in-between the front limbs

142
Q

Normal duration of stage 2 parturition

A
  • 17-20 minutes

- If more than 20 minutes, we need to assess for a normal patient

143
Q

What is the normal duration of the third stage of parturition?

A
  • 45 minutes

- Considered retained if it lasts longer than 3 hours

144
Q

What is “red bag”?

A
  • Premature placental separation

- You are viewing the allantochorionic membrane

145
Q

Predisposing factors for red bag?

A
  • Placentitis and red bag toxicosis
146
Q

What is the primary difference between controlled vaginal delivery and assisted vaginal delivery?

A
  • Controlled vaginal delivery is under general anesthesia with a hoist, whereas assisted vaginal delivery is under sedation with caudal epidural
147
Q

Sedation and analgesia for AVD

A
  • xylazine and butorphanol or detomidine and butorphanol

- Caudal epidural with lidocaine

148
Q

Which relaxants can be used for AVD?

A
  • Clenbuterol or Buscopan
149
Q

What is the name for inflammation of the umbilical cord?

A
  • Funisitis
150
Q

How long should manipulation be for AVD and CVD?

A
  • Maximum of 15 minutes of manipulation for either
151
Q

What types of deviations is CVD most useful for?

A
  • Hock or shoulder flexion
  • Bilateral hip flexion or unilateral hip flexion
  • Ventral head and neck deviation
152
Q

What types of deviations is AVD most useful for?

A
  • Lateral head and neck deviation
  • Foot nape
  • Carpal flexion
153
Q

What is the single most important factor in foal survival during dystocia in the mare?

A
  • I think the length of time it takes them to get the foal out once parturition stage 2 has started but not sure?
154
Q

What are the most common fetal abnormalities associated with dystocia in the mare?

A
  • Not sure, should ask
155
Q

When should you perform a post-partum exam in the mare?

A

I think within about 24 hours

156
Q

What are the important aspects of the placenta examination in the mare?

A
  • Record the time from foaling to passage of the placenta
  • Weight should be 10-12% of the foal’s birth weight
  • Keep it refrigerated
  • Make sure it’s complete
  • Impression smears on plaques or pus
  • Look for avillous areas
157
Q

Compare the abdominocentesis expected findings of the following conditions for the depressed postpartum mare:

  • Septic metritis
  • Perineal bruising and vulvar hematoma
  • Periparturient hemorrhage
  • Intussusception of the uterine horn and uterine prolapse
  • GI process (large colon volvulus; ruptured cecum; ischemic necrosis of the small intestine)
A
  • Septic metritis: increased TP and WBC
  • Perineal bruising and vulvar hematoma: increased TP and WBC
  • Periparturient hemorrhage: blood
  • Intussusception of the uterine horn and/or uterine prolapse: elevated TP but normal WBC
  • GI process (brown GI fluid)
158
Q

Which part of the placenta is more likely to be retained in case of retained placenta?

A
  • Tip of the non-pregnant horn
159
Q

Options of treatment for retained placenta (initial)

A
  • Initial: flush with warm saline (distend and remove)
  • Oxytocin drip
  • Evaluate calcium and give calcium gluconate if needed
160
Q

Options for treatment of retained placenta (longer than 6-8 hours)

A
  • Broad spectrum antibiotics (ampicillin, gentamicin, kanamycin, ticarcillin, ceftiofur)
  • NSAIDs and tetanus prophylaxis
161
Q

What genital disorders are responsible for depression in the post-partum mare?

A
  • Septic metritis
  • Retained placenta
  • Rectovaginal tear and perineal lacerations
  • Vulvar hematoma
  • Postpartum hemorrhage
  • Uterine tears or rupture
  • Uterine intussusception
  • Vaginal prolapse or rectal prolapse
  • GIT complications (large colon volvulus; rupture of the cecum; necrosis of the small intestine, small colon, and/or mesentery)
162
Q

Proper medical management of toxic metritis

A
  • IVF +/- polymixin B
  • Flunixin meglumine
  • Systemic IV antibiotics
  • +/- Pentoxyfylline
  • Laminitis preventatives (soft bedding, ice boots, foot pads)
  • Large volume uterine lavage with warm fluid added as well as salt and iodine
163
Q

What are your recommendations for a 3rd degree perineal body laceration?

A
  • I’m pretty sure surgery
164
Q

Treatment for postpartum hemorrhage

A
  • Minimize excitement: place in a dark, quiet stall
  • Flunixin meglumine and butorphanol for pain and calming down
  • Prevent shock with corticosteroids, nasal oxygen, pentoxyfylline
  • Fluid therapy (2-3 L hypertonic followed by 10-20 L of LRS)
  • Whole blood transfusion if PCV <15%
  • Naloxone can help (block effect of endogenous opioids)
  • Aminocaproic acid (antifibrinolytic)
  • Yunnan baiyao
165
Q

What are the major gastrointestinal disorders in the postpartum mare?

A
  • Large colon volvulus
  • Rupture of the cecum
  • necrosis of the small intestine, mesentery, or small colon
  • Rectal impaction
166
Q

What is the impact of EVA on stallions?

A
  • Fever
  • Conjunctivitis
  • Edema (vasculitis and arteritis)
  • Respiratory disease
  • Stallions will become carriers as it is maintained by testosterone
167
Q

Prevention of EVA

A
  • Vaccination of stallions
  • Vaccination of mares bred to stallions
  • Breed only to negative stallions
168
Q

What testicular parameters/measurements are used to predict stallion sperm production

A
  • Total SCROTAL width
  • Length, height, and width
  • VOlume
169
Q

What drug should not be used in stallions because it may cause paraphimosis?

A
  • Acepromazine

- Other phenothiazine tranquilizers (propionyl promazine)

170
Q

Causes of penile paralysis

A
  • Damage to sacral nerves
  • Infectious disease (EHV1, Rabies, Streptococcal purpura hemorrhage)
  • Trauma
  • Phenothiazine tranquilizers
  • Exhaustion
  • Starvation
171
Q

What is the most common tumor of the penis in stallions?

A
  • Squamous cell carcinoma
172
Q

What is the most common parasitic lesion of the penis in stallions?

A
  • Summer sores (Habronema)
173
Q

What is the most common tumor of the penis in stallions?

A
  • Squamous cell carcinoma
174
Q

What are the main non-infectious causes of sudden testicular or scrotal enlargement?

A
  • Trauma
  • Orchitis
  • Spermatic cord torsion
  • Inguinal hernia
175
Q

Most common testicular tumor in stallions

A
  • Seminoma (solve by castration with taking as much of the spermatic cord as possible, and palpate inguinal lymph node to evaluate for metastasis)
176
Q

Most common testicular tumor in stallions

A
  • Seminoma (solve by castration with taking as much of the spermatic cord as possible, and
177
Q

What drugs may be used to induce ejaculation?

A
  • Most successful: imipramine plus xylazine

- Can be used alone as well (detomidine can also be used alone)

178
Q

WHat are some causes of urospermia in stallions

A
  • Cauda equina neuritis
  • EHV1
  • Sorghum and Sudan grass
  • Severe pain
  • Urolithiasis
  • Generalized neoplasia
179
Q

WHat are some causes of urospermia in stallions

A
  • Cauda equina neuritis
  • EHV1
  • Sorghum and Sudan grass
  • Severe pain
  • Urolithiasis
  • Generalized neoplasia
180
Q

Oligozoospermia

A
  • Testicular degeneration
  • Incomplete ejaculation (plugged ampullae)
  • Retrograde ejaculation (rare)
181
Q

How would you determine if azoospermia is due to primary lack of spermatogenesis?

A
  • AlkP
  • If low (<100 IU/L, epididymal and testicular secretions not present)
  • If 100-1000 IU/L re-evaluate
182
Q

How would you determine if azoospermia is due to primary lack of spermatogenesis?

A
  • AlkP
  • If low (<100 IU/L, epididymal and testicular secretions not present)
  • If 100-1000 IU/L re-evaluate
183
Q

What are some causes of hemospermia in the stallion?

A
  • Urethritis and urethral rents (most common)
  • Surface of the penis
  • Seminal vesiculitis
184
Q

Management during breeding season

A
  • Fractionated ejaculate
  • Collect into an extender
  • Chemical ejaculation probably not helpful
185
Q

Treatment for seminal vesiculitis

A
  • Direct flushing
  • Antibiotic infusion
  • Systemic antibiotics
  • NSAIDs
  • Minimum contamination breeding and AI
186
Q

Where do they look for urethral rents?

A
  • Urethra at the level of the ischial arch and just cranial to that
187
Q

What is the mechanism of ovulation induction in camelids?

A
  • Induced by mating (seminal plasma containing Beta-nerve growth factor)
188
Q

What is the mechanism of ovulation induction in camelids?

A
  • Induced by mating (seminal plasma containing Beta-nerve growth factor)
189
Q

How long after mating does ovulation occur in llamas and alpaca?

A
  • 30 hours
190
Q

What is a major characteristic of pregnancy in camelids with regard to fetus location?

A
  • Always in the left fetal horn
191
Q

What is a major characteristic of pregnancy in camelids with regard to fetus location?

A
  • Always in the left fetal horn
192
Q

What is the primary source of progesterone during pregnancy in camelids?

A
  • corpus luteum throughout pregnancy
193
Q

What type of placentation do camelids have?

A
  • Diffuse epitheliochorial microcotyledonary
194
Q

When can llamas and alpacas be mated again after parturition?

A

15-21 days

195
Q

When can llamas and alpacas be mated again after parturition?

A

15-21 days

196
Q

What is the proper management of uterine torsion?

A
  • Rolling (plank on the flank technique)
  • Transvaginal manipulation (at term)
  • Midline laparotomy if surgical
197
Q

What is the proper management of uterine torsion?

A
  • Rolling (plank on the flank technique)
  • Transvaginal manipulation (at term)
  • Midline laparotomy if surgical
198
Q

What is medical management for hepatic lipidosis

A
  • Correct acid, base, and electrolyte abnormalities
  • Correct hydration (IVF, CMPK)
  • Oral fluids, IVC
  • Induce parturition with cloprostenol if full term
  • Stimulate eating (transfaunate)
  • Restore glucose homeostasis
  • If fetus is dead, may need to remove the fetus
199
Q

What hematological and blood serum biochemistry changes are common in cases of hepatic lipidosis?

A
  • Lipemic serum***
  • Inflammatory leukogram (leukopenia, neutropenia, left shift, lymphopenia)
  • High GGT, AST, AP
  • Azotemia and hyperphosphatemia
  • Hyperglycemia
  • Hyperglobulinemia
  • Likely urine ketones?
200
Q

What hematological and blood serum biochemistry changes are common in cases of hepatic lipidosis?

A
  • Lipemic serum
  • Inflammatory leukogram (leukopenia, neutropenia, left shift, lymphopenia)
  • High GGT, AST, AP
  • Azotemia and hyperphosphatemia
  • Hyperglycemia
  • Hyperglobulinemia
  • Likely urine ketones?
201
Q

How long is stage 1 in camelids?

A
  • Variable, 3-8 hours
202
Q

How long is stage 3 in camelids and when is the placenta considered retained?

A
  • In general one hour, retained if >6 hours
203
Q

Why is fetotomy not a good option for management of dystocia in alpacas?

A
  • Too small I think

- Adhesions can happen

204
Q

What is the best approach for Cesarean section in alpacas in the field?

A
  • Sternal
  • Sternal then lateral
  • See the picture for where exactly to cut
205
Q

Indications for C-section

A
  • Dystocia and can’t reduce fetal malposition or posture
  • Uterine torsion
  • Fetal-maternal disproportion (rare)
206
Q

What are consequences of prolonged vaginal manipulation in alpacas?

A
  • Adhesions

- Fetal asphyxia too I think

207
Q

When does the breeding season occur in the ewe and the doe?

A
  • Fall
208
Q

Length of estrous in the ewe?

A
  • 16-18 days
209
Q

Length of estrous in the doe?

A
  • 18-24 days
210
Q

Methods and timing for pregnancy diagnosis in small ruminants

A
  • Pregnancy associated glycoproteins from 30 days

- Pregnancy diagnosis by ultrasonography can be 25-35 days transrectally or 35 days on transabdominally

211
Q

Methods and timing for pregnancy diagnosis in camelids?

A
  • Transrectal ultrasound from 16-35 days

- Transabdominal from 35 days to term

212
Q

What are placental associated glycoproteins?

A
  • Way to diagnose pregnancy in small ruminants from 30 days on
213
Q

What is the major mechanism of maintenance of pregnancy in the ewe?

A
  • CL until day 55
214
Q

What is the major mechanism of pregnancy maintenance in the doe?

A
  • CL throughout pregnancy
215
Q

what is the type of placentation in sheep and goats?

A
  • Epitheliochorial, cotyledonary
216
Q

What is the mechanism of maternal recognition of pregnancy in sheep and goats?

A
  • Interferon tau
217
Q

What does the term cloud burst refer to?

A
  • Pseudopregnancy (persistence of CL in absence of viable conceptus)
218
Q

What does the term “Pizzle rot” refer to?

A
  • Ulcerative balanoposthitis or inflammation of the penis and prepuce
219
Q

Etiology of Pizzle rot

A
  • Corynebacterium renale

- Commensal bacteria that likes urea and will degrade it to ammonia, which is caustic

220
Q

Risk factors for pizzle rot?

A
  • Higher nutrition and wet barn
221
Q

What is the major cause of contagious epididymitis in rams?

A

Brucella ovis

  • Think with poor motility and abnormal morphology on a ram BSE
222
Q

What are common predisposing factors for vaginal prolapse in ewes?

A
  • Genetics
  • Obesity
  • Twins (or more feti)
  • Rumen fill (high fiber diet)
  • Older ewes
  • Tail docked too close
  • COughing (lungworm)
  • Diarrhea (coccidiosis)
223
Q

What methods can be used to manage ewes with vaginal prolapse?

A
  • Prolapse retainer (Harness, paddle, vaginal retainer)
  • Lidocaine or xylazine block
  • modified Buhner
  • Pursestring
  • Minchek
  • Ultimately recommend culling
224
Q

What are predisposing factors for pregnancy toxemia?

A
  • Multiple feti
  • Late pregnancy
  • Mature ewes
  • Obese or under-conditioned
  • Poor nutrition
225
Q

What field tests are useful for diagnosis of pregnancy toxemia?

A
  • Urinalysis (ketonuria, proteinuria)

- Glucometer (hypoglycemia)

226
Q

What serum biochemistry abnormalities are often associated with pregnancy toxemia in sheep and goats?

A
  • Hypoglycemia
  • +/- hypocalcemia
  • Hyperfibrinogenemia
  • Leukocytosis
  • Elevated CK
  • Elevated AST
  • Hypokalemia
  • Acidosis
  • Elevated blood BHB
227
Q

WHat is the most common parasite causing abortion in sheep and goats?

A
  • Toxoplasmosis
228
Q

What are the major bacterial causes of abortion in the sheep and goat in North America?

A
  • Chlamydophilus
  • Q fever (Coxiella burnetii)
  • Campylobacteriosis
229
Q

What are the major viral causes of abortion in the sheep and goat in North America?

A
  • Bluetongue virus
  • Cache valley virus
  • BDV
  • Caprine herpesvirus
230
Q

What are some of the clinical signs associated with Chlamydiosis?

A
  • Pneumonia
  • Late term abortions (third trimester) primarily
  • Polyarthritis, pneumonia
  • Keratoconjunctivitis
  • Enteritis
  • Encephalomyelitis
231
Q

Fetal lesions associated with toxoplasmosis?

A
  • Mummification, stillborn, abortion
232
Q

Placental lesions associated with toxoplasmosis?

A
  • Acute or chronic placentitis

- Cotyledons are primarily affected, and intercotyledonary areas are generally normal

233
Q

Which species (doe vs ewe) is more susceptible to Toxoplasmosis?

A
  • Doe
234
Q

What fetal lesions are often associated with campylobacteriosis abortion in ewes?

A
  • Target lesions on the liver (areas of focal hepatic necrosis)
235
Q

What are some lesions associated with Q fever?

A
  • Non-suppurative placentitis and vasculitis
  • Grossly, intercotyledonary areas are thickened with leathery appearance, and are covered with brownish-red exudate
  • Cotyledons are swollen
  • Fetus doesn’t show gross lesions often and are generally fresh and less autolytic
  • Rarely, interstitial nephritis, bronchopneumonia, portal hepatitis
  • Often the does are asymptomatic besides abortion
  • Abortion is usually late in gestation
236
Q

Which antibiotic is often used in the face of an outbreak of abortion in small ruminants?

A
  • Tetracycline

Equine Therio (6 decks)

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