Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Equine Therio > Disorders of Pregnancy in the Mare > Flashcards

Disorders of Pregnancy in the Mare Flashcards

1
Q

Started on slide 12

A

see slides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

When does most fetal loss occur?

A

Before day 50

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

General diagnostic approach to abortion

A
  • Make sure it is an actual abortion
  • History (e.g. pregnancy diagnosis, vaccinations, movement)
  • Laboratory findings (fetus size, length, defects; umbilical cord; placenta; histopathology, serology, virology, bacteriology)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the major non-infectious cause of abortion?

A
  • Twinning
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What should you think of as the cause of abortion if the fetus looks abnormal?

A
  • Congenital defect
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is abortion?

A
  • Premature expulsion from the uterus of the products of conception
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Approximately what % are infections of all causes of abortions?

A
  • Approximately one third to half of all causes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What % of abortions remain undiagnosed?

A
  • 5-20%
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which viral diseases cause abortion?

A
  • EHV and EVA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the most common isolates for bacterial placentitis( and which is MOST common)?

A
  • Streptococcus spp (zooepidemicus)**
  • Staphylococcus spp
  • E. coli*
  • Klebsiella
  • Enterobacter
  • Pseudomonas*
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Samples to be sent in for equine abortion

A
  • Fetus
  • Serum and vaginal swab from the dam
  • Placenta
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Pathophysiology of bacterial placentitis?

A
  • Bacteria infiltrate and colonize the space between microcotyledons and microvilli of the uterus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Ascending placentitis causes

A
  • Look at spreadsheet
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the cervical star?

A
  • It’s the part of the placenta right against the cervix

- You can see it become discolored with ascending placentitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What should you think if you hear premature udder development and mucopurulent vaginal discharge?

A
  • Think ascendent placentitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Features of placentitis in the fetus?

A
  • Persistent fetal tachycardia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Features of placentitis in the uteroplacental unit?

A
  • Thickening of the uterine wall (>13 mm)
  • Increased CUPT (>17.5 mm)
  • Pockets of hyperechoic fluids (pus)
  • Areas of placental separation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Endocrinology signs with placentitis (progesterone, estrogen)

A
  • Increased total progesterone concentration

- Decreased total estrogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Acute phase protein changes in placentitis

A
  • Elevation of acute phase proteins (serum amyloid A and haptoglobin)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Outcome of ascendent placentitis

A
  • Often foals born healthy but small
  • Pregnancy may be a little shorter
  • Increased risk for perinatal asphyxia syndrome but similar survival rate and discharge time compared to controls
  • Treatment reduces risk of neonatal encephalitis, neonatal nephropathy, and neonatal enteropathy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Funisitis***

A
  • umbilical cord inflammation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Clinical signs in the mare of leptospirosis

A
  • VARIABLE AND NOT ALWAYS PRESENT
  • Fever
  • Hematuria
  • Acute renal failure
  • Uveitis may develop weeks after abortion
  • Mid to late term abortion (usually last 3 months)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Types of foals that can be born if dam has leptospirosis?

A
  • Stillborn or weak (important cause of FPTI)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Pathologic findings of leptospirosis in the placenta

A
  • Placentitis not involving the cervical star
  • Heavy, edematous, hemorrhagic
  • Occasionally covered with a brown mucoid material on the chorionic surface
  • Calcification
  • Funisitis in some cases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Pathologic findings of leptospirosis in the fetus

A
  • mild to moderate icterus
  • Liver enlargement, hepatitis
  • Tubulonephrosis and interstitial nephritis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Diagnosis of leptospirosis with agglutinating antibody titers in the mare - what value is diagnostic?

A
  • > 1:6400 often >12,800
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Other diagnostics besides high antibody titers for leptospirosis?

A
  • Fetal and placental lesions
  • Fetal antibodies
  • Isolation from placenta or renal tubules
  • IHC of the placenta, umbilical cord, or fetal kidney and liver
  • PCR
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Prevention of leptospirosis techniques?

A
  • Isolate aborting mare for 14-16 weeks
  • Urine FAT testing for shedding
  • Possible treatment of shedders or animals at high risk (e.g. those in a flood plain)
  • Limit exposure to stagnant water
  • Control reservoir animals
  • Vaccine available
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

When in gestation does abortion secondary to nocardioform placentitis occur?

A
  • Late term abortion
  • Premature birth
  • Weak foals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Clinical signs in the mare of nocardioform placentitis?

A
  • May show premature mammary gland development and/or galactorrhea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Placenta in nocardioform placentitis

A
  • Chronic

- Severe, exudative, mucopurulent, and necrotizing placentitis at the junction of the placental body and horns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Fetus pathology in nocardioform placentitis

A
  • Severely underdeveloped
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the most commonly isolated actinomycete from nocardioform placentitis?***

A

Crossiella equi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Which type of EHV is most common in abortions secondary to EHV?

A
  • EHV1

- EHV4 possible but rare

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Time period of abortion in EHV?

A
  • most between 8-10 months
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Can vaccinated mares still have an abortion secondary to EHV?

A
  • Yes

- Thought to be reactivation of latent infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Lesions in fetuses from EHV-1 relative to EHV-4

A

Those in EHV4 are more discrete than those caused by EHV1

38
Q

Transmission of EHV (primary and others)

A
  • Respiratory**
  • Abortion may be stress related
  • May occur in vaccinated mares (reactivation of latent infection)
39
Q

Necropsy findings of EHV1 (* which are the most important)

A
  • RIB IMPRESSION
  • FRESH fetus
  • Presence of pleural fluid
  • Intra-nuclear inclusion
40
Q

Diagnosis for EHV abortion

A
  • Virus isolation
  • Immunochemistry
  • PCR on fetal lung, liver, spleen, thymus
  • Necropsy findings are very important
41
Q

Prevention of EHV abortion

A
  • VACCINATION*** (vaccinate at 5, 7, and 9 months)

- Separation of pregnant mares from high risk horses too

42
Q

Appearance of fungal abortion placenta

A
  • Chorion may be dry and leathery or have a brown, tenacious exudate, especially at the cervical area
43
Q

Spread of fungal abortion

A
  • Usually ascending, some hematogenous
44
Q

What are possible causes of protozoal abortion?

A
  • Neospora
  • Trypanosoma equiperdum (dourine)
  • Babesia equi or caballi (piroplasmosis)
45
Q

What is the cause of mare reproductive loss syndrome?

A
  • Eastern tent caterpillar
46
Q

What happens in mare reproductive loss syndrome?

A
  • Early and late fetal loss
  • Placentitis
  • Uveitis
  • Endocarditis
47
Q

What is the leading cause of non-infectious abortion?

A
  • Twinning!
48
Q

What causes twins in the mare?

A
  • Double ovulations!

- Dizygotic (more like fraternal, not identical twins)

49
Q

What determines the fate of twins?

A
  • Location of vesicle with respect to each other
50
Q

What % of twins in horses are bilaterally fixated or unilaterally fixated?

A
  • 30% bilateral

- 70% unilateral

51
Q

Outcome of unilaterally fixed twins?

A
  • 83% reduction to single by 40 days
52
Q

Outcome of bilaterally fixed twins

A
  • 0% reduced to single by 40 days
  • Mid- to late-term abortion of both
  • Premature foaling
53
Q

Diagnosis of twins

A
  • See the vesicles at 14 days by transrectal or transabdominal ultrasound
  • If there are two CLs, stay there
  • Motility will happen in 5-10 days
  • you want them to separate so you can crush one of them to treat it
54
Q

Ultrasound with twins

A
  • Transrectal
  • Transabdominal
  • eCG
55
Q

What can cause confusion with diagnosis of twins?

A
  • Stage of development

- Uterine cysts

56
Q

What can you do to differentiate twins vs a uterine cyst by ultrasound?

A
  • You can wait a couple of days

- The vesicle will grow, but the cyst will not

57
Q

Treatment for twin pregnancies before fixation?

A
  • Crushing
  • 100% effective if twins are separated
  • No effect on pregnancy if done properly, but recheck mare and put on NSAIDs and possible progesterone
58
Q

When does fixation occur?

A
  • 16-17 days
59
Q

Managing twin pregnancies after fixation (bilateral)?

A
  • Crushing up to 30 days
60
Q

Managing twin pregnancies after fixation (unilateral)?

A
  • Wait and see

- Play the odds

61
Q

Management of twin pregnancies after 30 days?

A
  • TROUBLE
  • Can do transvaginal ultrasound-guided aspiration
  • Intra-cardiac injection
  • Wait and see
  • Abort both and lose the season
62
Q

Management of twin pregnancies after 65 days?

A
  • Transabdominal intra-cardiac injection
  • Cervical dislocation
  • Surgical removal
  • Abort both and lose the season
  • Complications
  • 50% success rate
63
Q

Prevention of twin pregnancies

A
  • Check mare during estrus for double follicles
  • THEN YOU HAVE TO SEE THEM AT 14 days
  • Check for pregnancy early and often
  • Manual crushing (easier said than done!)
64
Q

Predisposed breeds for twin pregnancies?

A
  • Thoroughbreds, heavy draft horses, warmbloods
65
Q

Second cause of non-infectious abortion?

A
  • Umbilical cord torsion
66
Q

of twists that are considered normal with umbilical cord torsion?

A

More than 7 twists are abnormal

  • Up to 7 twists are normal
  • Also may see signs of hemorrhage and edema
67
Q

What fetal abnormalities are seen in miniature horses?

A
  • Hydrocephalus and other severe abnormalities
68
Q

Possible causes of fresh, well preserved fetus?

A
  • EHV, dystocia
69
Q

Possible causes of underdeveloped fetus?

A
  • IUGR (??)

- starvation primary to secondary

70
Q

Possible causes of mummification?

A
  • Twinning, progesterone therapy
71
Q

Possible causes of pinpoint white foci in liver?

A
  • EHV
72
Q

Possible causes of fetal pneumonia?

A
  • EHV, bacterial, MRLS
73
Q

Possible causes of cervical star placentitis?

A
  • Bacteria or fungi (ascending)
74
Q

Possible causes of diffuse placentitis?

A
  • Leptospira, Salmonella
75
Q

Possible causes of placentitis at body, base of the horns?

A
  • Nocardioform
76
Q

Possible causes of intact cervical star?

A
  • Premature placental separation, EHV
77
Q

Possible causes of large avillous areas?

A
  • Twinning

- Nocardioform placentitis

78
Q

Possible causes of umbilical cord edema?

A
  • Torsion, dystocia, MRLS, fescue toxicosis, umbilical torsion, hydrops
79
Q

Possible causes of placental edema

A
  • Dystocia, torsion, fescue toxicosis
80
Q

Possible causes of allantoic cysts

A

-Uterine abnormalities, unknown

81
Q

Uterine torsion clinical signs

A
  • Colic varying degree of intensity or just ADR

- Rule out in any case of colic in mares >5 months

82
Q

Diagnosis of uterine torsion

A
  • Transrectal palpation

- Remember the clockwise, counterclockwise

83
Q

What’s important for choice of method of correction of uterine torsion?

A
  • History, fetal evaluation, and placental evaluation
84
Q

Possible treatments for uterine torsion

A
  • rolling or surgical correction
85
Q

Rolling procedure - what side is the mare placed on?

A
  • Placed on lateral recumbency on the side of the torsion (NEED TO GO BACK TO BOVINE TO FIGURE OUT WHICH IS WHICH)
  • Plank on the opposite side
  • Roll at least 3 times
  • Check in sternal position
  • General anesthseia required
86
Q

Surgical correction approaches for uterine torsion?

A
  • Midline laparotomy

- Flank laparotomy

87
Q

Mare survival in uterine torsion if <320 days or >320 days?

A
  • 97% if <320 days

- 65% if 320 days or more

88
Q

Foal survival in uterine torsion if <320 days or >320 days?

A
  • 72% if pregnancy <320 days

- 32% if 320 days or more

89
Q

Factors that impact uterine torsion outcome

A
  • Degree of torsion

- Technique used

90
Q

When should you not roll the mare?

A
  • Compromised uterus or mare (base on transabdominal ultrasound for fetal death and/or hemorrhage)
  • Possible uterine rupture based on abdominocentesis

Equine Therio (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions