SA and Camelid Therio Flashcards
1
Q
Age of puberty in Sheep, goats, and llamas/alpacas?
A
Sheep: 3-7 months
Goats: 3-7 months
Llamas and alpacas: 8-12 months
2
Q
Seasonality of breeding in Sheep, goats, and llamas and alpacas?
A
Sheep: fall
Goats: fall
Llamas/Alpacas: All year (reduced fertility is observed in summer in males)
3
Q
When is there reduced fertility in llamas and alpacas in males?
A
- Summer months
4
Q
Length of the estrous cycle in Sheep, goats, and llamas and alpacas?
A
Sheep: 16-18 days
Goats: 18-24 days
Llamas/alpacas: 14-15 days if ovulation has occurred and no fertilization
5
Q
Estrus duration in sheep, goats, and llamas and alpacas?
A
Sheep: 30 (24-48 hours)
Goats: 24 (12-36 hours)
Alpacas/llamas: variable depending on the follicular wave
6
Q
Ovulation (hours from onset of estrus) in sheep, goats, and llamas and alpacas?
A
SheepL 21-33 hours
Goat: 12-36 hours
Llamas/alpacas: 30 hours after mating
7
Q
What induces ovulation in llamas and alpacas?
A
- Seminal plasma containing beta-nerve growth factor
8
Q
Diestrus duration (PGF2alpha, luteolysis) in sheep, goats, and llamas and alpacas?
A
Sheep: 12 days
Goat: 12-14 days
Alpacas: 10 days
9
Q
Semen deposition in sheep, goats, and llamas and alpacas?
A
Sheep: onto the cervix
Goat: onto the cervix
Llamas/alpacas: in utero, mating lasts 10-40 minutes
10
Q
Maternal recognition of pregnancy in sheep, goats, and llamas and alpacas?
A
- Sheep and goats: INF tau from elongating embryo (trophoblast)
- Llamas/alpacas: not yet fully elucidated, estrogen from embryo?
11
Q
Placentation in sheep, goats, and llamas and alpacas?
A
- Sheep and goats: epitheliochorial, cotyledonary
- Llamas and alpacas: epitheliochorial, microcotyledonary diffuse
12
Q
Pregnancy maintenance in sheep, goats, and llamas and alpacas?
A
- Sheep: corpus luteum until day 55
- Goats: corpus luteum throughout pregnancy
- Llamas and alpacas: corpus luteum throughout pregnancy
13
Q
Pregnancy associated glycoproteins (PAG) in sheep, goats, and llamas and alpacas?
A
- Sheep and goats: yes, pregnancy diagnosis from 30 days
- Llamas/alpacas: not clear, not used for pregnancy diagnosis
14
Q
Pregnancy diagnosis by ultrasonography in sheep, goats, and llamas and alpacas?
A
Sheep and goats transrectal (25-35 days); transabdominal (35 to term)
Llamas and alpacas transrectal (16-35 days); transabdominal (35 days to term)
15
Q
Fetal numbers in sheep, goats, and llamas and alpacas?
A
Sheep: 1-3
Goats: 1-4
Alpacas/llamas: Single, left uterine horn, twinning possible but results in early pregnancy loss or abortion
16
Q
Duration of pregnancy (days) in sheep, goats, and llamas and alpacas?
A
Sheep: 150 (144-153)
Goats: 150 (144-155)
Camelids: 345 (320-380)
17
Q
First stage of labor in sheep, goats, and llamas and alpacas?
A
Sheep: 2-6 hours
Goats: 2-6 hours
Camelids: 3-8 hours
18
Q
Second stage of labor in sheep, goats, and llamas and alpacas?
A
Sheep and goats: 30-120 minutes
Camelids: 15-40 minutes
19
Q
Third stage of labor in sheep, goats, and llamas and alpacas?
A
Sheep and goats: 45 min to 8 hours
Llamas and alpacas: general one hour, retained if >6 hours
20
Q
Postpartum involution in sheep, goats, and llamas and alpacas?
A
Sheep and goats: 45 days
Camelids: 10 days
21
Q
Early postpartum rebreeding (days) in sheep, goats, and llamas and alpacas?
A
Sheep and goats: >60 days
Llamas and alpacas: 15-21 days
22
Q
What is the striking feature of the camelid female uterus?
A
- Wide, not downward
23
Q
Which horn of the uterus is always larger in the camelid?
A
- Left, because the fetus is always on the left horn
24
Q
How long does mating last in camelids?
A
- 5-45 minutes
25
When does LH peak after mating?
- 30 minutes
26
What % of females are receptive to a male at any time?
up to 70% of females
27
What happens in the absence of breeding with camelids?
- Continuous follicular waves without ovulation
28
At what day does luteolysis occur if no embryo?
- 10 days due to prostaglandin F2-alpha
29
Make sure you can draw the cycle in a camelid
- Yes
30
WHen is a mature follicle present after sterile mating?
- 12 to 14 days
31
Describe the penis of a camelid
- Fibrocartilagenous process with a clockwise oriented hook
- Clockwise rotation
- Dilate the cervix and intra-uterine semen deposition
- Urethral opening ventral 1-2 cm caudal to the penile tip
- Little increase in diameter of the penis
- Llama penis approximately 40 cm in length 18-25 cm extending past the sheath
32
Which males of alpacas, llamas, sheep, and goats don't have seminal vesicles?
- Alpacas and llamas do not have seminal vesicles
33
Which accessory sex glands do llamas and alpacas have?
- Bulbourethral glands and prostate
34
Label a picture of the alpaca and llama accessory sex glands
- just find one and do it?
35
Appearance of placentation in sheep and goats
- Inverted mushrooms
| - Concave showing toward the lumen of the uterus
36
Maintenance of pregnancy before parturition in camelids
- See the chart in the notes
| - Just do it
37
What % marked do you want with sheep? (% cycling)
70% marked in the first 14 days
38
What % marked do you want in the season with sheep? (% mating)
- 95% marked in the season
39
What % do you want pregnant for sheep?
- >95% in 2-3 cycles (ewe lambs >75%)
- % Synchronized estrus 75-80%
- Out of season 6-70%
40
What % of abortions is acceptable in sheep?
- <5%
41
% lambing for mature ewes and ewe lambs
- 90-95% for mature ewes
| - >75% for ewe lambs
42
% stillbirths for sheep?
<2%
43
% mortality pre-weaning in sheep?
- <5%
44
Most common complaints in sheep and goats
- Flock infertility/poor repro performance
- Abnormal behavior in goats
- Male BSE
- Abortion
- Vaginal prolapse
- Preg tox
- Dystocia
- Uterine prolapse
- Lambs/kids neonatal loss
45
Most common complaints in camelids
- Female and male infertility
- Abortion (important)
- Uterine torsion (high rates)
- Preg tox
- Dystocia
- Postpartum emergencies
- Cria neonatal loss
46
Most common lethal defect in camelids?
- Choanal atresia
47
What to do with...
Client wants to breed 6 ewe-lambs to produce show lambs for a 4H program
- No ewe lambs marked so far
- Should she wait longer?
- What possibilities would you consider?
- What would be your approach?
- Dfdx?
- Check the male
- Bulls and sheep can pass a BSE and not breed
- We do not evaluate libido
48
% of rams that don't like to mount ewes?
- 10-20%
49
What is a dfdx for if you have a good male but no breeding activity observed?
- Anestrus
50
Differentials for anestrus?
- Pregnant
- Poor ram libido
- Anestrus
- Inexperience
- Ovarian hypoplasia
- Persistent CL
51
What can you do with unwanted pregnancy between 55-75 days?
35-45 days?
- After 55 days, the ewes won't respond to PGF2-alpha
- Have to cut your loss
- in the 35-45 you could give PGF2-alpha
52
How can you do pregnancy diagnosis?
- Ultrasound is best to evaluate number of fetuses
- Can also do the pregnancy associated glycoprotein
- Ballotement
53
Pizzle rot or ulcerative balanoposthitis - causative organism?
- Corynebacterium renale
| - Commensal bacterium that likes urea
54
Risk fctors for pizzle rot?
- Higher nutrition
- Usually sit on a wet barn
- Bacteria that use that urea to break down to ammonium which causes the ulcerative lesions
55
What is a common cause of contagious epididymitis in rams?
- Brucella ovis
56
Diagnosis of Brucella ovis?
- sperm morphology is aberrant
- Clumped, midpiece defects
- Can use ELISA testing
57
Methods of pregnancy diagnosis in ruminants
- Transrectal ultrasonography
- Pregnancy Specific Protein B (PSPB)
- Progesterone?
- Estrone sulfate?
58
Predisposing factors for vaginal prolapse?
- Twins
- Feeding a lot
- At term and can't deliver (dystocia; uterine torsion)
- Bulk
- Coughing, diarrhea, etc.
59
Causes of vaginal prolapse?
- Genetics
- Obesity
- Old ewes
- Rumen fill (high fiber diet)
- Multiple feti
- Tail docked too close
- Coughing (lungworm)
- Diarrhea (Coccidiosis or fly strike)
60
Treatment of vaginal prolapse
- Prolapse retainers (harness, paddle, vaginal retainer)
- Xylazine/lidocaine block
- Alcohol block?
- Modified Buhner
- Pursestring suture
- Minchek technique
61
Recommendations for vaginal prolapse in sheep?
- Culling after they give birth
62
Approach to a multiparous 4 year old Targhee ewe with progressive recumbency and anorexia near full term
- Physical examination
- Assess viability of fetuses (transabdominal ultrasonography)
- Vaginal speculum exam
- Urinalysis and CBC chem
63
Urinalysis in an animal with pregnancy toxemia?
- Severe ketonuria and proteinuria
64
CBC/Chem changes in a ewe with pregnancy toxemia?
- Leukocytosis (neutrophilia)
- Hyperfibrinogemia
- Elevated CK and AST
- Hypokalemia
- Hypoglycemia (47 g/dL)
- Acidosis
- Blood BHB >15 mg/dL (normal 0-15)
65
Differentials for an animal with pregnancy toxemia?
- Polioencephalomalacia
- Listeriosis
- Impending abortion
- Copper toxicity
- Ruminal acidosis
66
Initial treatment for pregnancy toxemia?
- IV catheter
- LRS and Potassium supplementation
- 5% dextrose
- Thiamine
- Ampicillin
- Flunixin meglumine
- Transfaunation
67
What if you decide to induce parturition in a ewe?
- Induce with dexamethasone only if the fetus is still alive
- Will start labor 24-72 horus later
- C-section
68
When can you not use dexamethasone to induce parturition?
- If the fetus is no longer alive
69
Post op care for preg tox?
- Physical therapy
- Transfaunation
- Antibiotic
- FLunixin meglumine
70
Treatments for a hypocalcemic and hypoglycemic ewe?
- IVF
- 50% dextrose
- CMPK
- Thiamine
- Ampicillin
- Flunixin meglumine
- Induce likely
71
What is the most common metabolic disorder of late-term ewes carrying more than one fetus?
- Pregnancy toxemia
72
Mortality rate of pregnancy toxemia?
- Can exceed 80%
73
When does pregnancy toxemia occur in getsation?
- Last 4-6 weeks of gestation
74
Characteristics of pregnancy toxemia?
- Ketosis and hypoglycemia
75
Things to consider with an abortion investigation
- History
- Stage of pregnancy
- Associated problems like stillbirths and infertility
- Epidemiology (region, season, animal movements, vax, abortion rate)
- Lab
- Zoonosis risks (pregnant women)
- Management of the aborting flock
76
Diagnostic investigation of abortion - essentials
- Systematic approach
- Client education (be aware of zoonosis; take each abortion seriously; be prepared for frustration)
- Contact lab for appropriate sampling
- Keep up to date with regional epidemiology
- Submit complete nutritional and clinical hx, including possible exposure to carrier animals
77
Samples to submit for abortion
- Entire fetus, placenta, and paired serum samples for aborting dam
- WIthout the placenta, identification of chlamydiosis and toxoplasmosis is unlikely
- Paired serum sample for the dam
78
What two diseases is the placenta necessary for diagnosis?
- Chlamydiosis and toxoplasmosis
79
Samples for culture?
- Caruncle
- Placenta
- Pleural and peritoneal fluid
- Abomasal content
- Lung
- Liver
- Spleen
- Kidney
- Heart
- Brain
80
Control measures in abortion outbreaks?
- Isolate aborting animals
- Strict measure for collection of placentae and feti
- Strict protocol for kidding/lambing management
- Restrict movement between groups
- Start tetracycline treatment (+/-, but he says ALWAYS)
81
Primary suspicion:
- Goats
- Herd has experienced pneumonia, keratoconjunctivitis, epididymitis
- Similar presentation about 3 years ago
- Chlamydiosis (enzootic abortion in sheep)
| - Chlamydophila abortus
82
Diagnosis of goats where herd has experienced pneumonia, KCS, epididymitis?
- C&S
- Placenta and fetus submitted
- can do vaginal discharge
83
Control strategy for chlamydiosis
- Vaccination
84
Primary suspicion if:
Goats
- Abortion, mummification, stillbirths
- Goats more susceptible than sheep
- 30% of the herd is delayed in lambing
- Abortion 2-3 weeks before term
- Placenta shows necrosis of cotyledons with calcification
Toxoplasmosis
85
Characteristics of placenta with toxoplasmosis
- Placentitis that can be acute or chronic
| - Multifocal cotyledonary placentitis
86
How to diagnose toxoplasmosis?
- Placenta and fetuses
87
What should you think of with subacute focal hepatic necrosis and target lesions?
- Campylobacteriosis
88
When does Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) cause abortion?
- 80% are 3rd trimester to term
| - 20% second trimester
89
Lesions in C. burnetii
- Placental lesions are most common (non-suppurative placentitis and vasculitis)
- Small coccobacillary organisms in chorionic trophoblastic epithelial cells with Giemenez or Wolback stains
90
Diagnosis of C. burnetii
- Placental lesions, immunohistochemistry, fetal lesions (rare)
91
Which fetal lesions are found (rarely) with C. burnetii?
- Lymphocytic portal hepatitis, histiocytic bronchopneumoni
- Lymphocytic interstitial nephritis
- Multifocal granulomatous hepatitis
92
What is the most common epidemiological factor in Toxoplasmosis?
- Kittens or naive cats
93
Presentation of Q fever?
- Abortion outbreaks possible
- Abortion or stillbirth usually occurs late in gestation due to severe placentitis
- Weak kids
94
Clinical signs of Q fever
- None
| - Anorexia and depression 1-2 days before aborting
95
Diagnosis of Q fever
- Placental findings
- Isolation of the organism (very few diagnostic labs willing to handle them)
- Serology (antibody titers of 1:20 or higher indicates exposure)
- 4x increase in antibody titer between acute and convalescent samples indicate recent infection
96
Treatment and control of Q fever
- Organisms persists in the female indefinitely and is shed in the milk and at parturition
- No vaccine
- Abortions stopped following feeding chlortetracycline in feed
- Long acting oxytetracycline is helpful
97
Pygmy goat with a kidding 4 years ago but that hasn't stopped milking since
- She has been milked every since
- Dfdx and treatment
- Dfdx are mastitis, neoplasia, mammary abscess, inappropriate lactation, ovarian follicular cysts
- Mastectomy is probably the best choice; prolactin inhibitors possible but often not helpful
98
Goat with vaginal bleeding, stranguria, and a mass in the caudal right abdomen?
- UA/CBC/Chem
- Transabdominal ultrasonography that found a mass
- They did a cytology
- Urinary bladder was catheterized and 750 mL of urine aspirated
- Vaginoscopy showed compression of the vaginal wall and cervix with an area of necrotic tissue that was neo-vascular
- TOok three biopsy samples and submitted for histopathology
- It was a leiomyoma
- They did a total OVH to treat
99
Primary causes of infertility in female camelids?
- Congenital defects (ovarian hypoplasia, unicornis)
- Endometritis
- Endometriosis
100
What to do with male camelids and infertility?
- REFER
| - VERY difficult to BSE
101
General approach to handling emergencies in the pregnant female alpaca?
- Stabilize
- Evaluate dam
- Evaluate the fetus and fetoplacental unit
102
Approach to a colicking female alpaca 10 months pregnant - how to evaluate the dam?
- Sedation (Butorphanol)
- Transabdominal ultrasound
- Transrectal exam
- Other imaging
- Vaginal exam ONLY if abnormal vaginal discharge observed or if no pregnancy found on palpation or ultrasound
103
What do you find on transrectal palpation in alpacas in relation to the dam?
- Pregnancy status
- Uterine torsion (Broad ligament)
- Uterine problems
104
What do you find on transrectal palpation in alpacas in relation to the fetus?
- Fetal movement
| - Fetal position
105
Approach to a colicking female alpaca 10 months pregnant - How to evaluate the fetus?
- Transrectal palpation
| - Transabdominal ultrasonography
106
Fetal alpaca heart rate in the last trimester
- 80-115 bpm
| - decreases to 80 bpm a few days before parturition
107
What fetal heart rates in camelids suggest fetal distrss?
- Constantly above 130 bpm for constantly below 50 bpm
108
What else can you assess with fetal and utero-placental evaluation?
- Fetal activity
- Fetal biometrics
- Presence of twins (have to do radiographs)
109
What lab testing to do in camelids?
- CBC/CHem
- Possible abdominocentesis
- Possible fecal analysis
110
What are common findings in alpacas on CBC/Chem?
- Stress leukogram always present
| - Hyperglycemia common
111
What do you think of hyperfibrinogenemia in an alpaca?
- VERY significant
112
What organism should you think of in an anemic camelid?
- Mycoplasma hemolamae
113
Other significant findings on CBC/Chem in alpacas?
- Increased liver enzymes
114
What should you think in a case of diarrhea in an alpaca?
- Eimeria mac
115
What are requirements for rolling a camelid with a uterine torsion?
- Know the direction
- Have space
- Fetus must be viable
116
Non-surgical uterine torsion correction in camelids
- Rolling (plank of the flank technique)
| - Transvaginal manipulation (at term)
117
Surgical uterine torsion correction?
- Midline laparotomy (+/- Caesarean section)
118
What if the fetus is inert or dead - can you do rolling?
- Poor prognosis
| - You have to do surgery
119
Hyperlipemia in alpacas
- ALWAYS check
| - Happens very quickly in alpacas
120
Why should you induce parturition before C-section?
- Not as many problems with placental retention
121
See the case in the notes with the alpaca
- just do it
122
What can you use to induce alpacas?
- Cloprostenol
123
What does lipemic serum suggest?
- Hepatic lipidosis
124
Prognosis for hepatic lipidosis or pregnancy toxemia in camelids?
- Poor
125
CBC with pregnancy toxemia findings
- Leukopenia
- left shift
- Neutropenia
- Lymphopenia
- Toxic and hyposegmented neutrophils, Dohle bodies
126
Chemistry panel findings in an alpaca with pregnancy toxemia
- elevated GGT/AST
- Elevated Alkaline phosphatase
- Elevated CK
- Azotemic
- Elevated glucose possible
- TP elevated
- Hyperglobulinemia
- Hyperphosphatemia
- Grossly lipemic serum
127
Approach for uterine prolapse in camelids?
- Put a transducer on it to see if the bladder is involved
- Carefully replace
- Clean and do epidural
- Butorphanol is best
- Replace and suture
128
What would you do with a client concerned about a llama that is 386 days pregnant and is not showing any signs of parturition yet?
- Make sure she's pregnant
- If she is, don't worry yet
- He would wait and monitor
129
Treatment for dystocia in camelids?
- Epidural
- Sedation
- Try to do the AVD and CVD like with equine
- May need to go to C-section (can be a problem with bilateral shoulder flexion)
130
Patient assessment for dystocia?
- Evaluate fetus (palpate per rectum and per vaginum) to determine presentation, posture, and position
- Evaluate birth canal (cervical dilation, cervical and vaginal integrity; appreciate size of the pelvis and space for manipulation)
131
Anesthesia for AVD and CVD for camelids?
- Cranial vs caudal epidural (I think with caudal they're less likely to go down?)
- Lidocaine
- Xylazine
132
What can you do post-partum to help sooth the vulva?
- 5 minute contact of ice and 5 minutes off
133
Resuscitation and neonatal care of crias?
- Same as for equine neonates
| - Watch for major congenital defects
134
Congenital defects in cria
- Choanal atresia**
- Atresia ani
- Atresia vulvi
- Hernia
- Ventricular septal defects
- Tetralogy of Fallot (not lethal)
135
Can you do a total fetotomy in alpacas or llamas?
- Yes in llamas but NOT in alpacas
136
Indicateions for Caserarean section in llamas and alpacas?
- Dystocia and inability to reduce fetal malposition or posture
- Uterine torsion
- Fetal-maternal disporportion (RARE)
- SHOULD NOT BE THE LAST RESORT
137
Anesthetic restraint for camelids
- Physical and chemical
- Xylazine and butorphanol
- Epidural
- Sternal and then possibly lateral
138
Landmarks for incision on an alpaca?
- Do the red on the image
- See it
- If you go too vertically you don't have space
- If you go too ventrally you have a risk of hernia
139
Uterine closure - what to do with the placenta?
- Remove if possible
| - If not, peel around 2 cm around the uterine incision before you suture
140
What to administer while closing the uterus?
- Oxytocin (contracts it down)
141
Considerations for the cria after C-section?
- Resuscitation
- Oxygen
- Colostrum (milk the dam)
142
What are two important factors for dams post C-section?
- Companionship and exercise
143
Post surgical treatment for alpacas?
- Penicillin G
- Gentamicin
- Flunixin meglumine
144
Postpartum problems in alpacas
- See the equine
145
Is retained placenta as dangerous in llamas and alpacas as equine?
- No
| - As far as he knows, RP has never killed an alpaca or a cria
