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Equine Therio > SA and Camelid Therio > Flashcards

SA and Camelid Therio Flashcards

1
Q

Age of puberty in Sheep, goats, and llamas/alpacas?

A

Sheep: 3-7 months

Goats: 3-7 months

Llamas and alpacas: 8-12 months

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2
Q

Seasonality of breeding in Sheep, goats, and llamas and alpacas?

A

Sheep: fall

Goats: fall

Llamas/Alpacas: All year (reduced fertility is observed in summer in males)

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3
Q

When is there reduced fertility in llamas and alpacas in males?

A
  • Summer months
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4
Q

Length of the estrous cycle in Sheep, goats, and llamas and alpacas?

A

Sheep: 16-18 days

Goats: 18-24 days

Llamas/alpacas: 14-15 days if ovulation has occurred and no fertilization

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5
Q

Estrus duration in sheep, goats, and llamas and alpacas?

A

Sheep: 30 (24-48 hours)

Goats: 24 (12-36 hours)

Alpacas/llamas: variable depending on the follicular wave

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6
Q

Ovulation (hours from onset of estrus) in sheep, goats, and llamas and alpacas?

A

SheepL 21-33 hours

Goat: 12-36 hours

Llamas/alpacas: 30 hours after mating

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7
Q

What induces ovulation in llamas and alpacas?

A
  • Seminal plasma containing beta-nerve growth factor
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8
Q

Diestrus duration (PGF2alpha, luteolysis) in sheep, goats, and llamas and alpacas?

A

Sheep: 12 days

Goat: 12-14 days

Alpacas: 10 days

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9
Q

Semen deposition in sheep, goats, and llamas and alpacas?

A

Sheep: onto the cervix

Goat: onto the cervix

Llamas/alpacas: in utero, mating lasts 10-40 minutes

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10
Q

Maternal recognition of pregnancy in sheep, goats, and llamas and alpacas?

A
  • Sheep and goats: INF tau from elongating embryo (trophoblast)
  • Llamas/alpacas: not yet fully elucidated, estrogen from embryo?
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11
Q

Placentation in sheep, goats, and llamas and alpacas?

A
  • Sheep and goats: epitheliochorial, cotyledonary

- Llamas and alpacas: epitheliochorial, microcotyledonary diffuse

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12
Q

Pregnancy maintenance in sheep, goats, and llamas and alpacas?

A
  • Sheep: corpus luteum until day 55
  • Goats: corpus luteum throughout pregnancy
  • Llamas and alpacas: corpus luteum throughout pregnancy
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13
Q

Pregnancy associated glycoproteins (PAG) in sheep, goats, and llamas and alpacas?

A
  • Sheep and goats: yes, pregnancy diagnosis from 30 days

- Llamas/alpacas: not clear, not used for pregnancy diagnosis

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14
Q

Pregnancy diagnosis by ultrasonography in sheep, goats, and llamas and alpacas?

A

Sheep and goats transrectal (25-35 days); transabdominal (35 to term)

Llamas and alpacas transrectal (16-35 days); transabdominal (35 days to term)

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15
Q

Fetal numbers in sheep, goats, and llamas and alpacas?

A

Sheep: 1-3
Goats: 1-4
Alpacas/llamas: Single, left uterine horn, twinning possible but results in early pregnancy loss or abortion

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16
Q

Duration of pregnancy (days) in sheep, goats, and llamas and alpacas?

A

Sheep: 150 (144-153)

Goats: 150 (144-155)

Camelids: 345 (320-380)

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17
Q

First stage of labor in sheep, goats, and llamas and alpacas?

A

Sheep: 2-6 hours
Goats: 2-6 hours
Camelids: 3-8 hours

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18
Q

Second stage of labor in sheep, goats, and llamas and alpacas?

A

Sheep and goats: 30-120 minutes

Camelids: 15-40 minutes

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19
Q

Third stage of labor in sheep, goats, and llamas and alpacas?

A

Sheep and goats: 45 min to 8 hours

Llamas and alpacas: general one hour, retained if >6 hours

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20
Q

Postpartum involution in sheep, goats, and llamas and alpacas?

A

Sheep and goats: 45 days

Camelids: 10 days

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21
Q

Early postpartum rebreeding (days) in sheep, goats, and llamas and alpacas?

A

Sheep and goats: >60 days

Llamas and alpacas: 15-21 days

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22
Q

What is the striking feature of the camelid female uterus?

A
  • Wide, not downward
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23
Q

Which horn of the uterus is always larger in the camelid?

A
  • Left, because the fetus is always on the left horn
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24
Q

How long does mating last in camelids?

A
  • 5-45 minutes
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25
Q

When does LH peak after mating?

A
  • 30 minutes
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26
Q

What % of females are receptive to a male at any time?

A

up to 70% of females

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27
Q

What happens in the absence of breeding with camelids?

A
  • Continuous follicular waves without ovulation
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28
Q

At what day does luteolysis occur if no embryo?

A
  • 10 days due to prostaglandin F2-alpha
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29
Q

Make sure you can draw the cycle in a camelid

A
  • Yes
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30
Q

WHen is a mature follicle present after sterile mating?

A
  • 12 to 14 days
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31
Q

Describe the penis of a camelid

A
  • Fibrocartilagenous process with a clockwise oriented hook
  • Clockwise rotation
  • Dilate the cervix and intra-uterine semen deposition
  • Urethral opening ventral 1-2 cm caudal to the penile tip
  • Little increase in diameter of the penis
  • Llama penis approximately 40 cm in length 18-25 cm extending past the sheath
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32
Q

Which males of alpacas, llamas, sheep, and goats don’t have seminal vesicles?

A
  • Alpacas and llamas do not have seminal vesicles
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33
Q

Which accessory sex glands do llamas and alpacas have?

A
  • Bulbourethral glands and prostate
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34
Q

Label a picture of the alpaca and llama accessory sex glands

A
  • just find one and do it?
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35
Q

Appearance of placentation in sheep and goats

A
  • Inverted mushrooms

- Concave showing toward the lumen of the uterus

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36
Q

Maintenance of pregnancy before parturition in camelids

A
  • See the chart in the notes

- Just do it

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37
Q

What % marked do you want with sheep? (% cycling)

A

70% marked in the first 14 days

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38
Q

What % marked do you want in the season with sheep? (% mating)

A
  • 95% marked in the season
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39
Q

What % do you want pregnant for sheep?

A
  • > 95% in 2-3 cycles (ewe lambs >75%)
  • % Synchronized estrus 75-80%
  • Out of season 6-70%
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40
Q

What % of abortions is acceptable in sheep?

A
  • <5%
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41
Q

% lambing for mature ewes and ewe lambs

A
  • 90-95% for mature ewes

- >75% for ewe lambs

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42
Q

% stillbirths for sheep?

A

<2%

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43
Q

% mortality pre-weaning in sheep?

A
  • <5%
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44
Q

Most common complaints in sheep and goats

A
  • Flock infertility/poor repro performance
  • Abnormal behavior in goats
  • Male BSE
  • Abortion
  • Vaginal prolapse
  • Preg tox
  • Dystocia
  • Uterine prolapse
  • Lambs/kids neonatal loss
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45
Q

Most common complaints in camelids

A
  • Female and male infertility
  • Abortion (important)
  • Uterine torsion (high rates)
  • Preg tox
  • Dystocia
  • Postpartum emergencies
  • Cria neonatal loss
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46
Q

Most common lethal defect in camelids?

A
  • Choanal atresia
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47
Q

What to do with…

Client wants to breed 6 ewe-lambs to produce show lambs for a 4H program

  • No ewe lambs marked so far
  • Should she wait longer?
  • What possibilities would you consider?
  • What would be your approach?
  • Dfdx?
A
  • Check the male
  • Bulls and sheep can pass a BSE and not breed
  • We do not evaluate libido
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48
Q

% of rams that don’t like to mount ewes?

A
  • 10-20%
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49
Q

What is a dfdx for if you have a good male but no breeding activity observed?

A
  • Anestrus
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50
Q

Differentials for anestrus?

A
  • Pregnant
  • Poor ram libido
  • Anestrus
  • Inexperience
  • Ovarian hypoplasia
  • Persistent CL
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51
Q

What can you do with unwanted pregnancy between 55-75 days?

35-45 days?

A
  • After 55 days, the ewes won’t respond to PGF2-alpha
  • Have to cut your loss
  • in the 35-45 you could give PGF2-alpha
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52
Q

How can you do pregnancy diagnosis?

A
  • Ultrasound is best to evaluate number of fetuses
  • Can also do the pregnancy associated glycoprotein
  • Ballotement
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53
Q

Pizzle rot or ulcerative balanoposthitis - causative organism?

A
  • Corynebacterium renale

- Commensal bacterium that likes urea

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54
Q

Risk fctors for pizzle rot?

A
  • Higher nutrition
  • Usually sit on a wet barn
  • Bacteria that use that urea to break down to ammonium which causes the ulcerative lesions
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55
Q

What is a common cause of contagious epididymitis in rams?

A
  • Brucella ovis
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56
Q

Diagnosis of Brucella ovis?

A
  • sperm morphology is aberrant
  • Clumped, midpiece defects
  • Can use ELISA testing
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57
Q

Methods of pregnancy diagnosis in ruminants

A
  • Transrectal ultrasonography
  • Pregnancy Specific Protein B (PSPB)
  • Progesterone?
  • Estrone sulfate?
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58
Q

Predisposing factors for vaginal prolapse?

A
  • Twins
  • Feeding a lot
  • At term and can’t deliver (dystocia; uterine torsion)
  • Bulk
  • Coughing, diarrhea, etc.
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59
Q

Causes of vaginal prolapse?

A
  • Genetics
  • Obesity
  • Old ewes
  • Rumen fill (high fiber diet)
  • Multiple feti
  • Tail docked too close
  • Coughing (lungworm)
  • Diarrhea (Coccidiosis or fly strike)
60
Q

Treatment of vaginal prolapse

A
  • Prolapse retainers (harness, paddle, vaginal retainer)
  • Xylazine/lidocaine block
  • Alcohol block?
  • Modified Buhner
  • Pursestring suture
  • Minchek technique
61
Q

Recommendations for vaginal prolapse in sheep?

A
  • Culling after they give birth
62
Q

Approach to a multiparous 4 year old Targhee ewe with progressive recumbency and anorexia near full term

A
  • Physical examination
  • Assess viability of fetuses (transabdominal ultrasonography)
  • Vaginal speculum exam
  • Urinalysis and CBC chem
63
Q

Urinalysis in an animal with pregnancy toxemia?

A
  • Severe ketonuria and proteinuria
64
Q

CBC/Chem changes in a ewe with pregnancy toxemia?

A
  • Leukocytosis (neutrophilia)
  • Hyperfibrinogemia
  • Elevated CK and AST
  • Hypokalemia
  • Hypoglycemia (47 g/dL)
  • Acidosis
  • Blood BHB >15 mg/dL (normal 0-15)
65
Q

Differentials for an animal with pregnancy toxemia?

A
  • Polioencephalomalacia
  • Listeriosis
  • Impending abortion
  • Copper toxicity
  • Ruminal acidosis
66
Q

Initial treatment for pregnancy toxemia?

A
  • IV catheter
  • LRS and Potassium supplementation
  • 5% dextrose
  • Thiamine
  • Ampicillin
  • Flunixin meglumine
  • Transfaunation
67
Q

What if you decide to induce parturition in a ewe?

A
  • Induce with dexamethasone only if the fetus is still alive
  • Will start labor 24-72 horus later
  • C-section
68
Q

When can you not use dexamethasone to induce parturition?

A
  • If the fetus is no longer alive
69
Q

Post op care for preg tox?

A
  • Physical therapy
  • Transfaunation
  • Antibiotic
  • FLunixin meglumine
70
Q

Treatments for a hypocalcemic and hypoglycemic ewe?

A
  • IVF
  • 50% dextrose
  • CMPK
  • Thiamine
  • Ampicillin
  • Flunixin meglumine
  • Induce likely
71
Q

What is the most common metabolic disorder of late-term ewes carrying more than one fetus?

A
  • Pregnancy toxemia
72
Q

Mortality rate of pregnancy toxemia?

A
  • Can exceed 80%
73
Q

When does pregnancy toxemia occur in getsation?

A
  • Last 4-6 weeks of gestation
74
Q

Characteristics of pregnancy toxemia?

A
  • Ketosis and hypoglycemia
75
Q

Things to consider with an abortion investigation

A
  • History
  • Stage of pregnancy
  • Associated problems like stillbirths and infertility
  • Epidemiology (region, season, animal movements, vax, abortion rate)
  • Lab
  • Zoonosis risks (pregnant women)
  • Management of the aborting flock
76
Q

Diagnostic investigation of abortion - essentials

A
  • Systematic approach
  • Client education (be aware of zoonosis; take each abortion seriously; be prepared for frustration)
  • Contact lab for appropriate sampling
  • Keep up to date with regional epidemiology
  • Submit complete nutritional and clinical hx, including possible exposure to carrier animals
77
Q

Samples to submit for abortion

A
  • Entire fetus, placenta, and paired serum samples for aborting dam
  • WIthout the placenta, identification of chlamydiosis and toxoplasmosis is unlikely
  • Paired serum sample for the dam
78
Q

What two diseases is the placenta necessary for diagnosis?

A
  • Chlamydiosis and toxoplasmosis
79
Q

Samples for culture?

A
  • Caruncle
  • Placenta
  • Pleural and peritoneal fluid
  • Abomasal content
  • Lung
  • Liver
  • Spleen
  • Kidney
  • Heart
  • Brain
80
Q

Control measures in abortion outbreaks?

A
  • Isolate aborting animals
  • Strict measure for collection of placentae and feti
  • Strict protocol for kidding/lambing management
  • Restrict movement between groups
  • Start tetracycline treatment (+/-, but he says ALWAYS)
81
Q

Primary suspicion:

  • Goats
  • Herd has experienced pneumonia, keratoconjunctivitis, epididymitis
  • Similar presentation about 3 years ago
A
  • Chlamydiosis (enzootic abortion in sheep)

- Chlamydophila abortus

82
Q

Diagnosis of goats where herd has experienced pneumonia, KCS, epididymitis?

A
  • C&S
  • Placenta and fetus submitted
  • can do vaginal discharge
83
Q

Control strategy for chlamydiosis

A
  • Vaccination
84
Q

Primary suspicion if:

Goats

  • Abortion, mummification, stillbirths
  • Goats more susceptible than sheep
  • 30% of the herd is delayed in lambing
  • Abortion 2-3 weeks before term
  • Placenta shows necrosis of cotyledons with calcification
A

Toxoplasmosis

85
Q

Characteristics of placenta with toxoplasmosis

A
  • Placentitis that can be acute or chronic

- Multifocal cotyledonary placentitis

86
Q

How to diagnose toxoplasmosis?

A
  • Placenta and fetuses
87
Q

What should you think of with subacute focal hepatic necrosis and target lesions?

A
  • Campylobacteriosis
88
Q

When does Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) cause abortion?

A
  • 80% are 3rd trimester to term

- 20% second trimester

89
Q

Lesions in C. burnetii

A
  • Placental lesions are most common (non-suppurative placentitis and vasculitis)
  • Small coccobacillary organisms in chorionic trophoblastic epithelial cells with Giemenez or Wolback stains
90
Q

Diagnosis of C. burnetii

A
  • Placental lesions, immunohistochemistry, fetal lesions (rare)
91
Q

Which fetal lesions are found (rarely) with C. burnetii?

A
  • Lymphocytic portal hepatitis, histiocytic bronchopneumoni
  • Lymphocytic interstitial nephritis
  • Multifocal granulomatous hepatitis
92
Q

What is the most common epidemiological factor in Toxoplasmosis?

A
  • Kittens or naive cats
93
Q

Presentation of Q fever?

A
  • Abortion outbreaks possible
  • Abortion or stillbirth usually occurs late in gestation due to severe placentitis
  • Weak kids
94
Q

Clinical signs of Q fever

A
  • None

- Anorexia and depression 1-2 days before aborting

95
Q

Diagnosis of Q fever

A
  • Placental findings
  • Isolation of the organism (very few diagnostic labs willing to handle them)
  • Serology (antibody titers of 1:20 or higher indicates exposure)
  • 4x increase in antibody titer between acute and convalescent samples indicate recent infection
96
Q

Treatment and control of Q fever

A
  • Organisms persists in the female indefinitely and is shed in the milk and at parturition
  • No vaccine
  • Abortions stopped following feeding chlortetracycline in feed
  • Long acting oxytetracycline is helpful
97
Q

Pygmy goat with a kidding 4 years ago but that hasn’t stopped milking since

  • She has been milked every since
  • Dfdx and treatment
A
  • Dfdx are mastitis, neoplasia, mammary abscess, inappropriate lactation, ovarian follicular cysts
  • Mastectomy is probably the best choice; prolactin inhibitors possible but often not helpful
98
Q

Goat with vaginal bleeding, stranguria, and a mass in the caudal right abdomen?

A
  • UA/CBC/Chem
  • Transabdominal ultrasonography that found a mass
  • They did a cytology
  • Urinary bladder was catheterized and 750 mL of urine aspirated
  • Vaginoscopy showed compression of the vaginal wall and cervix with an area of necrotic tissue that was neo-vascular
  • TOok three biopsy samples and submitted for histopathology
  • It was a leiomyoma
  • They did a total OVH to treat
99
Q

Primary causes of infertility in female camelids?

A
  • Congenital defects (ovarian hypoplasia, unicornis)
  • Endometritis
  • Endometriosis
100
Q

What to do with male camelids and infertility?

A
  • REFER

- VERY difficult to BSE

101
Q

General approach to handling emergencies in the pregnant female alpaca?

A
  • Stabilize
  • Evaluate dam
  • Evaluate the fetus and fetoplacental unit
102
Q

Approach to a colicking female alpaca 10 months pregnant - how to evaluate the dam?

A
  • Sedation (Butorphanol)
  • Transabdominal ultrasound
  • Transrectal exam
  • Other imaging
  • Vaginal exam ONLY if abnormal vaginal discharge observed or if no pregnancy found on palpation or ultrasound
103
Q

What do you find on transrectal palpation in alpacas in relation to the dam?

A
  • Pregnancy status
  • Uterine torsion (Broad ligament)
  • Uterine problems
104
Q

What do you find on transrectal palpation in alpacas in relation to the fetus?

A
  • Fetal movement

- Fetal position

105
Q

Approach to a colicking female alpaca 10 months pregnant - How to evaluate the fetus?

A
  • Transrectal palpation

- Transabdominal ultrasonography

106
Q

Fetal alpaca heart rate in the last trimester

A
  • 80-115 bpm

- decreases to 80 bpm a few days before parturition

107
Q

What fetal heart rates in camelids suggest fetal distrss?

A
  • Constantly above 130 bpm for constantly below 50 bpm
108
Q

What else can you assess with fetal and utero-placental evaluation?

A
  • Fetal activity
  • Fetal biometrics
  • Presence of twins (have to do radiographs)
109
Q

What lab testing to do in camelids?

A
  • CBC/CHem
  • Possible abdominocentesis
  • Possible fecal analysis
110
Q

What are common findings in alpacas on CBC/Chem?

A
  • Stress leukogram always present

- Hyperglycemia common

111
Q

What do you think of hyperfibrinogenemia in an alpaca?

A
  • VERY significant
112
Q

What organism should you think of in an anemic camelid?

A
  • Mycoplasma hemolamae
113
Q

Other significant findings on CBC/Chem in alpacas?

A
  • Increased liver enzymes
114
Q

What should you think in a case of diarrhea in an alpaca?

A
  • Eimeria mac
115
Q

What are requirements for rolling a camelid with a uterine torsion?

A
  • Know the direction
  • Have space
  • Fetus must be viable
116
Q

Non-surgical uterine torsion correction in camelids

A
  • Rolling (plank of the flank technique)

- Transvaginal manipulation (at term)

117
Q

Surgical uterine torsion correction?

A
  • Midline laparotomy (+/- Caesarean section)
118
Q

What if the fetus is inert or dead - can you do rolling?

A
  • Poor prognosis

- You have to do surgery

119
Q

Hyperlipemia in alpacas

A
  • ALWAYS check

- Happens very quickly in alpacas

120
Q

Why should you induce parturition before C-section?

A
  • Not as many problems with placental retention
121
Q

See the case in the notes with the alpaca

A
  • just do it
122
Q

What can you use to induce alpacas?

A
  • Cloprostenol
123
Q

What does lipemic serum suggest?

A
  • Hepatic lipidosis
124
Q

Prognosis for hepatic lipidosis or pregnancy toxemia in camelids?

A
  • Poor
125
Q

CBC with pregnancy toxemia findings

A
  • Leukopenia
  • left shift
  • Neutropenia
  • Lymphopenia
  • Toxic and hyposegmented neutrophils, Dohle bodies
126
Q

Chemistry panel findings in an alpaca with pregnancy toxemia

A
  • elevated GGT/AST
  • Elevated Alkaline phosphatase
  • Elevated CK
  • Azotemic
  • Elevated glucose possible
  • TP elevated
  • Hyperglobulinemia
  • Hyperphosphatemia
  • Grossly lipemic serum
127
Q

Approach for uterine prolapse in camelids?

A
  • Put a transducer on it to see if the bladder is involved
  • Carefully replace
  • Clean and do epidural
  • Butorphanol is best
  • Replace and suture
128
Q

What would you do with a client concerned about a llama that is 386 days pregnant and is not showing any signs of parturition yet?

A
  • Make sure she’s pregnant
  • If she is, don’t worry yet
  • He would wait and monitor
129
Q

Treatment for dystocia in camelids?

A
  • Epidural
  • Sedation
  • Try to do the AVD and CVD like with equine
  • May need to go to C-section (can be a problem with bilateral shoulder flexion)
130
Q

Patient assessment for dystocia?

A
  • Evaluate fetus (palpate per rectum and per vaginum) to determine presentation, posture, and position
  • Evaluate birth canal (cervical dilation, cervical and vaginal integrity; appreciate size of the pelvis and space for manipulation)
131
Q

Anesthesia for AVD and CVD for camelids?

A
  • Cranial vs caudal epidural (I think with caudal they’re less likely to go down?)
  • Lidocaine
  • Xylazine
132
Q

What can you do post-partum to help sooth the vulva?

A
  • 5 minute contact of ice and 5 minutes off
133
Q

Resuscitation and neonatal care of crias?

A
  • Same as for equine neonates

- Watch for major congenital defects

134
Q

Congenital defects in cria

A
  • Choanal atresia**
  • Atresia ani
  • Atresia vulvi
  • Hernia
  • Ventricular septal defects
  • Tetralogy of Fallot (not lethal)
135
Q

Can you do a total fetotomy in alpacas or llamas?

A
  • Yes in llamas but NOT in alpacas
136
Q

Indicateions for Caserarean section in llamas and alpacas?

A
  • Dystocia and inability to reduce fetal malposition or posture
  • Uterine torsion
  • Fetal-maternal disporportion (RARE)
  • SHOULD NOT BE THE LAST RESORT
137
Q

Anesthetic restraint for camelids

A
  • Physical and chemical
  • Xylazine and butorphanol
  • Epidural
  • Sternal and then possibly lateral
138
Q

Landmarks for incision on an alpaca?

A
  • Do the red on the image
  • See it
  • If you go too vertically you don’t have space
  • If you go too ventrally you have a risk of hernia
139
Q

Uterine closure - what to do with the placenta?

A
  • Remove if possible

- If not, peel around 2 cm around the uterine incision before you suture

140
Q

What to administer while closing the uterus?

A
  • Oxytocin (contracts it down)
141
Q

Considerations for the cria after C-section?

A
  • Resuscitation
  • Oxygen
  • Colostrum (milk the dam)
142
Q

What are two important factors for dams post C-section?

A
  • Companionship and exercise
143
Q

Post surgical treatment for alpacas?

A
  • Penicillin G
  • Gentamicin
  • Flunixin meglumine
144
Q

Postpartum problems in alpacas

A
  • See the equine
145
Q

Is retained placenta as dangerous in llamas and alpacas as equine?

A
  • No

- As far as he knows, RP has never killed an alpaca or a cria

Equine Therio (6 decks)

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