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Equine Therio > Equine Obstetrics > Flashcards

Equine Obstetrics Flashcards

1
Q

Average gestation length of the mare

A
  • 335 to 342 days but very variable
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2
Q

When are foals considered premature?

A

300-320 days

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3
Q

Physiologic sources of variation

A
  • Season (e.g. longer in winter)
  • Genetics/breed (miniature horses shorter)
  • Fetal gender (male > female)
  • Hybrid (mules)
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4
Q

Pathological factors of gestation length variation?

A
  • Intrauterine growth retardation (nutrition, placental abnormalities)
  • Congenital hypothyroidism and other abnormalities
  • Fescue toxicosis
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5
Q

Methods for predicting and monitoring readiness for foaling

A
  • CCTV
  • Webcam
  • Electronic devices to detect mare position
  • Vulvar stretching (Foal-Alert)
  • Biochemical tests on mammary secretions (Ca, Na/K, pH)
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6
Q

When do Birthalarm/Equipage/Breeder alert go off?

A
  • Mares in lateral recumbency
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7
Q

What does pH do for mammary secretions close to parturition?

A
  • Drops about 24 hours before
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8
Q

When does mammary development increase in relation to parturition?

A
  • 1 month before
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9
Q

When does waxing occur before parturition?

A
  • 24-48 hours before parturition
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10
Q

What happens during Stage 1 of parturition?

A
  • Positioning of the fetus
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11
Q

Signs of Stage 1 Parturition

A
  • yawning
  • Colicky
  • Sweating
  • Rolling
  • Up and down
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12
Q

Normal position and what does it change to during Stage 1?

A
  • Dorsopubic to dorsocaral with extension of the front limbs and head in-between the forelimbs
  • Foal should rotate normally in anterior presentation with dorsosacral position
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13
Q

What is stage 2?

A
  • Passage of foal through the cervix into the birth canal and rupture of the chorioallantois membrane
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14
Q

What do you observe normally with Stage 2 parturition?

A
  • Amniotic sac
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15
Q

What do you not normally see during Stage 2 parturition?

A
  • Chorioallantois or allantoic sac breaking
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16
Q

Which reflex is involved in fetal expulsion?

A
  • Ferguson’s reflex (powerful, expulsive abdominal contractions
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17
Q

How long should Stage 2 parturition last?

A
  • 17-20 minutes
  • Minimum 10 minutes
  • Max 60 minutes
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18
Q

What is the maximum time we can allow stage 2 to occur without intervening?

A
  • 20 minutes

- THEN we must assess position, posture, presentation

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19
Q

What happens during stage 3 of parturition?

A
  • Placental expulsion
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20
Q

How is the placenta expelled (i.e. what are you looking at when it comes out)?

A

Inside out

  • You are looking at the chorionic surface
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21
Q

When do most mares deliver the placenta and at what point is the placenta considered retained?

A
  • Most mares deliver placenta within 45 minutes of foaling

- RP if fetal membranes aren’t expelled within 3 hours

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22
Q

What is red bag (BESIDES AN EMERGENCY)?

A
  • Premature placental separation

- We are seeing the allantochorion instead of amniotic sac

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23
Q

Predisposing factors for redbag

A
  • Placentitis

- Fescue toxicosis

24
Q

What is happening in redbag?

A
  • Premature placental separation
  • Fetus can’t rupture on its own
  • Allantochorion is in contact with the cervix and is red, which is what we see
  • Fetal asphyxia if not treated IMMEDIATELY
25
Q

Treatment of redbag?

A
  • IMMEDIATELY use a scissor or something to puncture and allow parturition to proceed
  • Only situation where you will see allantochorionic membrane outside
26
Q

What are important risk factors for dystocia?

A
  • Breed**
27
Q

Who gets dystocia most frequently?

A
  • Draft horses***
  • Shetland ponies
  • Trotters
  • Saddlebreds
  • Thoroughbreds
  • Arabians and QHs
28
Q

What is normal presentation of the fetus before 200 days?

A
  • Any
29
Q

What is the normal presentation of the fetus after 260 days?

A
  • Anterior presentation
30
Q

What is the normal position prior to stage 1?

A
  • Dorsopubic

- Then will flip to dorsosacral (?) with shoulder and carpal extension (????)

31
Q

Things to consider for determining best approach for dystocia?

A
  • Mare’s overall condition
  • Do you have the appropriate equipment (oxygen, antiseptic, nasal catheter, lube, obstetrical chains and a handle, fetotome, backup plan)
  • Is field general anesthesia and option?
  • Surgical referral hospital within reasonable distance?
  • availability of a hoist?
  • Availability of good help
32
Q

4 ways to deliver

A
  1. Assisted vaginal delivery (AVD)
  2. Controlled vaginal delivery (CVD)
  3. Fetotomy
    - C-section
33
Q

Medications for standing manipulation

A
  • Sedation (xylazine and butorphanol or detomidine and butorphanol)
  • Caudal epidural (5-8 mL of lidocaine 2%)
  • Utero relaxant (Clenbuterol or buscopan)
34
Q

What is standing manipulation useful for?

A
  • AVD
  • Large breeds
  • Fetotomy
35
Q

Which meds for relaxation of the uterus?

A
  • Clenbuterol

- Buscopan

36
Q

Which postural abnormalities can be resolved by AVD?

A
  • Foot nape (foot on top of the vagina)
  • Lateral head and neck deviation
  • Carpal flexion
37
Q

What is a possible sequela of foot nape posture?

A
  • Rectovaginal tear
38
Q

What is needed for controlled vaginal delivery?

A
  • General anesthesia
  • Hoist
  • Ideal if C-section may be considered
39
Q

How long should manipulation be considered with controlled vaginal delivery?

A
  • 15 minutes

- Time is very important

40
Q

Common reasons for controlled vaginal delivery?

A
  • Shoulder flexion
  • Ventral deviation of the head and neck
  • Hock flexion
  • Unilateral/bilateral hip flexion
41
Q

What position is best for fetotomy in the equine?

A
  • Standing
42
Q

Keys for success on fetotomy?

A
  1. Only do it if you have a lot of experience!
  2. Birth canal is wide enough and fetus easily accessible and doesn’t show severe abnormalities
  3. Provide heavy sedation and caudal epidural anesthesia
  4. Provide ample lubrication and give clear instructions to assistants
  5. Well-planned cuts based on determination of hte position and posture of the fetus. Partial fetotomy (2 or fewer cuts) preferred
  6. Supportive therapy: IV fluids, broad spectrum antibiotics, pain management, NSAIDs
43
Q

Transverse dorsal presentation - how to treat?

A
  • C-section or fetotomy
44
Q

Transverse ventral presentation - how to treat?

A
  • Again, C-section or fetotomy
45
Q

Treatment of foal post-partum?

A
  • Resuscitation and routine foal care
  • Check for broken ribs
  • Tetanus prevention
46
Q

Treatment of mare post-partum

A
  • Defecation (fecal softener, mash, mineral oil)
  • Urination
  • Pain management
  • Uterine lavage
47
Q

Things to monitor post-dystocia?

A
  • Temperature for at least 3 days

- monitor digital pulse

48
Q

What is ex-utero intra-partum treatment (EXIT)?

A
  • Rescue foals during dystocia
  • In utero resuscitation
  • Basically do nasal insufflation or ET tube placement
49
Q

Life-threatening complications of dystocia?

A
  • Retained placenta
  • Toxic metritis
  • Peritonitis
  • Urinary bladder rupture or eversion
  • Uterine laceration or hemorrhage
  • Uterine prolapse
  • Rectal prolapse
  • Rectal tears
50
Q

Non-life threatening complications of dystocia?

A
  • Cervical lacerations
  • Recto-vaginal tears
  • vaginal laceration, adhesions
  • Mastitis
51
Q

Mare survival rates with CVD vs C-section vs fetotomy?

A
  • Highest with CVD (94%) and C-section (89%)

- Fetotomy was around 56%

52
Q

Foal survival rates with live deliveries, discharge CVD, and discharge C-section?

A
  • Live deliveries 42%
  • Discharge CVD 32%
  • Discharge C-section 31%
53
Q

Mean duration of fetotomy?

A
  • 12.8 +/- 6.8 minutes
54
Q

Complications post-fetotomy?

A
  • Retained placenta
  • Laminitis
  • Vaginal or cervical adhesions
  • Delayed uterine involution
  • Uterine laceration
55
Q

Pregnancy rate post-fetotomy?

A
  • Still pretty high even in the same breeding season

Equine Therio (6 decks)

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