Study Guide Questions Flashcards
Describe sound as a pressure wave using the terms compression, peak, rarefaction, trough
Longitudinal wave
Compression: air molecules collide
Rarefaction: an area of negative pressure (trough)
What is the relationship between frequency and period?
Frequency = how many cycles
Period = How long it takes for one full cycle
If a pendulum with a frequency of .25 Hz, what is its period?
T (period) = 1/0.25 = 4 seconds
Identify the perceptual (subjective) counterpart of each of the following properties of sound waves: frequency, intensity/amplitude
Frequency (objective measure) - pitch (subjective measure)
Intensity/amplitude (objective) - loudness (subjective)
Define constructive and destructive interference. Explain how the phase relationship of waves meeting each other leads to constructive or destructive interference
Constructive = peak meets peak - wave has greater amplitude
Destructive = trough meets peak - wave has lower amplitude
Define periodic wave, aperiodic wave
Explain how periodic and aperiodic waves are perceived in terms of sound quality
Period wave = Consistent wave with frequency and period → musical sounds
Aperiodic wave = Inconsistent wave and irregular pattern → noise
State the different between simple and complex waveforms
Simple periodic wave (pure tone), simple aperiodic wave, complex periodic wave, complex aperiodic wave
Identify three factors that contribute to vocal fold vibration according to the myoelastic-aerodynamic theory of phonation.
Muscle/activity action, tissue elasticity, air pressure/air flow
What relationship must hold among the frequencies that make up a complex wave in order for the result to be a complex periodic wave?
Harmonic relations
Given a fundamental frequency of a complex periodic sound, you should be able to calculate the first, second, third, and fourth harmonics.
F0 (fundamental frequency) = 200 Hz = first harmonic
Second harmonic = 200 x 2 = 400 Hz
Third harmonic = 200 x 3 = 600 Hz
Fourth harmonic = 200 x 4= 800 Hz
Bernoulli Principle
High-velocity flow of air creates negative pressure that sucks the VF back together (suction-like force)
Describe how muscular, elastic, and aerodynamic forces interact in one cycle of vocal fold opening and closing.
Muscular
Elastic
Aerodynamic forces
Human voice in periodicity and complexity of the waveform
Nearly periodic and complex
Briefly explain how our perceptual response or sensitivity to changes in the frequency of a sound changes between low frequencies and high frequencies.
At higher frequencies, a larger change in frequency is needed for an equal change in perceived pitch
Mel scale
Provides perceptually based measure of pitch
Define fundamental frequency. What determines this frequency for the human voice?
VFs vibrate faster - > F0 high
VFs vibrate slower -> F0 low
What properties of the vocal folds determine the rate at which they vibrate?
Mass, tension, thickness of the vocal folds
What is MPFR?
Maximum phonational frequency range (MPFR): Difference between speaker’s lowest and highest possible pitches
Pitch range
MPFR - Describe how you would elicit MPFR from a client.
Highest pitch then lowest pitch; calculate MPFR as the difference in between
Researchers use glissando
Name one clinical diagnosis that could cause a client to present with decreased MPFR.
Parkinson’s disease
What is SFF?
Speaking fundamental frequency (SFF or habitual pitch) - the number of times the vocal cords vibrate per second when making voiced sounds
ABducted (open) - breathing
ADducted (closed) - peaking
Describe how you would measure a client’s SFF?
Sustained vowel phonation (/a/)
Passage reading (rainbow)
Conversational speech sample
What task would you use for SFF?
Elicitation task matters and sample duration matters
What does the x-axis represent in a spectrum? How about the y-axis?
x-axis: frequency
y-axis: amplitude
Cf. a waveform
x-axis: time
y-axis: amplitude
