Study guide Q&A Flashcards
What is the location and structural origin for the thoracic duct?
L2 from the cisterna chyli
What parts of the body will the right lymphatic duct drain?
the right side of the head, neck, and thoracic parietal wall, as well as the right upper extremity, right lung and convex (diaphragmatic) surface of the liver
What are examples of aggregate lymph nodules?
the tonsils and Peyer’s patches of the small intestine
What is the funciton of lymph nodules?
perpetuation of the lymphocyte cell line and to aid in the immune response
What is the function of lymph nodes?
They primarily filter lymph but also are involved in lymphocytopoiesis and they do participate in the immune response
What muscle attaches to the anterior arch of C1?
longus colli
What is the morphology of the superior articular facet of C1?
They are elliptical, closer together in front and often demonstrate an elevation subdividing the facet surface into two separate surfaces
What is the orientation of te inferior articular facet of C1?
backward, medial, downward (BMD)
What is the name of the rounded elevation on the medial aspect of the lateral mass of C1?
tubercle for the transverse atlantal ligament
What muscle attach to the lateral mass of C1?
Levator scapula, splenius cervicis, and rectus capitis anterior
What is the distance from the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch to the skin in each gender?
males: about 50mm
females: about 37 mm
What attaches to the posteior tubercle of the posterior arch of C1?
rectus capitis posterior minor muscle and ligamentum nuchae
With regaurd to ossification of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament, what is the gender bias, bone classification, amount of ossification and general percent in the population?
male: accessory bone, complete ponticulus posticus, 15%
female: accessory bone, partial ponticulus posticus, 26%
What muscle attach to the transverse process of C1?
rectus capitis anterior, rectus capitis lateralis, middle scalene, levator scapula, splenius cervicis, obliquus capitis superior, obliquus capitis inferior and intertransversarii muscle
What is the gender variation for measurements of the transverse diameter of C1?
males: 78mm
females: 72mm
what is the distance from the posterior tubercle of the transverse process of C1 to the skin for each gender?
a little over 30 mm for both males and females
What joint classifications are observed at C1?
amphiarthrosis syndesmosis, diarthrosis ellipsoidal, diarthrosis trochoid, diarthrosis arthrodia
What names are given to C2?
axis or epistropheus
What is the name given to the odontoid process when the facet for the fovea dentis lies below the groove for the transverse atlantal ligament and the attachment sites for the apical-dental and alar ligaments appear to be directed anterior?
kyphotic dens
What joint classifications are present at the vertebral body of C2?
amphiarthrosis syndesmosis, diarthrosis trochoid, modified diarthrosis sellar and amphiarthrosis symphysis
What ligament forms the anterior boundary for the spinal canal above C2?
membrana tectoria
What attaches to the lamina of C2?
obliquus capitis inferior muscle, posterior atlanto-axial ligament, ligamentum flavum
What is the facet orientation of teh supeiror articular facet of C2?
backward, upward, and lateral (BUL)
What is the gender variation for the transverse diameter of C2?
males: 57 mm
females: about 50 mm
What name is given only to C7?
vertebra prominens
What is the segment and gender bias for vertebra other than C7 becoming the vertebral prominence?
C6 is more common in females and T1 is more common in males
How many joint surfaces are present at the vertebral body of C7?
eight
What muslces attach to the transverse process of C7?
middle scalene, iliocostalis throacis, longissimus cervicis, semispinalis capitis, rotators, intertransversarii and levator costarum brevis
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of C7?
forward, medial, downward (ForMeD)
What muscles attach to the spinous process of C7?
trapezius, rhomboid minor, serratus posterior superior, splenius capitis, spinalis capitis, spinalis cervicis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotators and interspinalis
The vertebral artery on which side is typically larger?
left vertebral artery
What is the gender bias regrading size of the vertebral artery?
men have larger vertebral arteries than women
What is the name of the physical exam used to determine vertebral artery patency?
the vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency test
Which side artery is tested during the corse of the vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency exam?
the ipsilateral artery on the side of rotation
At what location will the vertebral artery form its first compensatory loop?
the atlanto-axial interspace
At what segments will the vertebral artery be firmly attached to the transverse foramen?
both C1 and C2
What is the purpose of the vertebral artery loops between C2, C1, and occiput?
the increased length will accomodate the greater ortation at these locations
What happens to the vertebral artery after it enters the subarachnoid space at C1?
the vertebral artery ascends along the medulla oblongata tot he pontine-medullary junction where the right and left arteries unite to form the basilar artery
What artery is formed by the union of the right and left vertebral arteries?
the basilar artery
What forms the boundaries for the exit of the C1 nerve from the spinal canal?
occipital condyle, superior articular process of C1, capsular ligament, arcuate rim, groove for the vertebral artery, posterior atlanto-occipital ligament
What forms the boundaries for the exit of the C2 nerve from the spinal canal?
inferior articular process of C1, superior articular process of C2, capsular ligament, inferior vertebral notch of C1, superior vertebral notch of C2, posterior arch of C1, lamina of C2, posterior atlanto-axial ligament
What forms the anterior boundary for the C3-C7 nerve exit from the spinal canal?
the vertebral bodies, intervertebral disc, posterior longitudinal ligament, uncinate process, lateral groove
What features will allow discrimination between T2-T4 and T5-T8 segmental groups?
the vertebral body, transverse process, articular process and spinous process
What is the aortic impression?
the flattening of the superior and inferior epiphyseal rims on the left side of the vertebral body of T5-T8 which give the vertebral body a less scalloped or less indented appearance on that side
What is the principal cause fo the posterior curve of the thoracic spine?
the vertebral body height differences
What joint classfications are identified at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?
amphiarthrosis syndesmosis, amphiarthrosis symphysis and diarthrosis arthrodia
How many synovial joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical throacic?
4
How many joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?
typically 10; 14 if the rib ligaments are included
What is the name given to the joint formed between the vertebral body and rib?
costocentral joint
What does the intra-articular or interarticular ligament connect to?
the interarticular or intra-articular crest of the capitulum of the rib and the intervertebral disc
Which x-ray view is used to see into the intervertebral foramen of a typical thoracic?
the lateral view
What ligaments support the costotransverse joint of a typical thoracic?
the superior costotransverse, inferior costotransverse, and lateral costotransverse ligaments
The superior costotransverse ligament of the transverse process of T4 will attach to which rib?
the 5th rib
Which muscles may attach to the transverse process of a typical thoracic?
the longissimus thoracis, longissimus vervicis, longissimus capitis, semispinalis thoracis, semispinalis vervicis, semispinalis capitis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis, intertransversarii, levator costarum longus and levator costarum brevis
how can you distringush between a T2-T4 from T5-T8 segment using the articualr process?
at T2-T4 the width between the superior articular processes is greater than width between the inferior articular processes of that vertebra
At T5-T8 the width between the superior articular processes is equal to or the same as the width between the inferior articular processes of that vertebra
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of a typical thoracic?
they face forward, downward, and medial (ForMeD)
Imbrication will be more pronounced for what region of the thoracics?
T5-T8
What is the angulation of the spinous process in the typical thoracic region?
the undersurface of T2-T4 spinous processes will angle up to 40 degrees from the horizontal plane
the undersurface of T5-T8 spinous processes will angle up 60 degrees from the horizontal plane
Which muscles may attach to the spinous process of a typical thoracic?
the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, rhomboid major, serratus posterior superior, splenius cervicis, splenius capitis, spinalis thoracis, spinalis cervicis, spinalis capitis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis and interspinalis
What muscles are associated with the 5 muscle layers of the true back?
layer 1 consists of the trapezius and latissimus dorsi
layer 2 consists of rhomboids and levator scapulae
layer 3 consists of the serratus posterior
layer 4 consists of the erector spinae
layer 5 consists of the transversospinalis
How many joints are formed at the vertebral body of T1?
typically 10; 14 if the rib ligaments are included
What ligament is absent at the costotransverse joint of T1?
the superior costotransverse ligament
What ligaments attach to the transverse process of T1?
intertransverse, capsular costotransverse, superior costotransverse, inferior costotransverse and lateral costotransverse
para-articular process are more commonly observed on which segment?
T10
A dimpling or depression of the skin in the thoracic region is often characteristic of the location of which segment?
T10
What name is given to T11?
the anticlinal vertebra
Which muscle(s) is attached to the vertebral body of T12?
psoas major and psoas minor
What ligaments form the costotransverse joint of the 12th rib?
the superior costotransverse ligament from T11 and the lumbocostal ligament from L1
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facets of T12?
The face forward, downward, and lateral
