APPENDIX I: OSTEOLOGY

Question 1

What is Osteology?

Answer 1

study of bones

Question 2

Identify the three primary cell types living in the bone and what do they do?

Answer 2

osteoblast- bone-forming cells
osteocytes- bone-nurturing or mature cells
osteoclasts- bone-remodeling cells

Question 3

Bone cells are embedded in this matrix containing ground substance, collagen fibers, and various minerals, which is called?

Answer 3

amorphous

Question 4

Ground substance is rich in_______

Answer 4

glycosaminoglycans (linear, nonbranching, repeating disaccharide unit)

Question 5

Collegen fibers are made from ____ and what is the primary type of collagen fiber observed in bone?

Answer 5

protein; type I

Question 6

What is bone mineral?

Answer 6

chemical groups that constitutes the inorganic part of bone

Question 7

What is stored in the matrix and serve to provide the rigidity for bone?

Answer 7

calcium, phosphate, citrate, and carbonate ions

Question 8

What is hydroxyapatite?

Answer 8

deposit in bone and a form of calcium phosphate

Question 9

What is normally found in bone?

Answer 9

sodium, magnesium, fluoride ions and foreign cations such as lead, strontium, and radium

Question 10

This states the bone will respond to stressors. It will be deposited when and where it is needed and bone will be reabsorbed when and where it is not needed

Answer 10

Wolff’s Law

Question 11

What is the concepts of “living” in bone?

Answer 11

to heal
to remodel under stressors as diverse as anxiety, tension, or pressure
to age

Question 12

Bone is embryologically derived from what one of two connective tissue?

Answer 12

mesenchyme or cartilage

Question 13

Explain intramembranous ossification

Answer 13

when bone develops within the primitive connective tissue, mesenchyme.
This type of ossification is characteristic of most bones of the skulls and clavicle. (occurs from 2nd to 3rd month in utero)

Question 14

What other bones exhibits intramembranous ossification?

Answer 14

nasal, palatine, vomer, lacrimal, zygomatic, maxilla, frontal, and parietal bones, most of the mandible and clavicle, the squama of the temporal and occipital bones, and the greater wing of the sphenoid bone

Question 15

Explain endochondral ossification

Answer 15

when bone develops within cartilage. The remainder of the skull and the rest of the skeleton are formed by endochondral ossification from the 2nd to the 5th month of utero

Question 16

Centers for ossification appear in the skull in a cartilage template is called?

Answer 16

chondrocranium

Question 17

What other bone are derived from the chondrocranium?

Answer 17

inferior nasal concha, ethmoid, the rest of the sphenoid, and part of the mandible, temporal, and occipital bones

Question 18

Centers of ossifcaiton within cartilage that appear before birth is called?

Answer 18

primary centers of ossification

Question 19

Centers of ossification that appear after birth is called?

Answer 19

secondary centers of ossification

Question 20

This is the solid, dense form of bone and covers the exterior of all bones forming the skeleton is called?

Answer 20

compact bone or cortical bone

Question 21

Internally, bone may be identified as _____. What is the space called found within the interior bony framework?___

Answer 21

spongy, cancellous, or trabecular bone

marrow cavity

Question 22

What is subchondral bone?

Answer 22

When one bone articulates with another bone in a fluid-filled joint, the compact bone is covered by cartilage

Question 23

The nonarticular surface of any bone in the living subject is covered by a thin layer of cells and fibers called

Answer 23

periosteum

Question 24

similar internal fibrocellular layer lining spongy, cancellous, or trabecular bone is called

Answer 24

endosteum

Question 25

Describe long bones

Answer 25

• length of bone is > than the breadth
• consist of a shaft (diaphysis) and two ends or extremities (epiphyses)
• ex. bones of extremities except carpus and tarsus

Question 26

Describe short bones

Answer 26

appearance is cuboidal

-occur in carpus (not pisiform) and tarsus

Question 27

Describe flat bones

Answer 27

• thin layer of spongy bone sandwiched bw two layers of compact bone
• ex) parietal bone, sternum, and blade of the scapula

Question 28

In the skull, the spongy bone of “flat” bones is called

Answer 28

diploe

Question 29

Describe irregular bones

Answer 29

numerous projections or irregular outlines

-EX) All remaining skull bones, the vertebrae, and the innominate (hip) bones

Question 30

Describe paranasal bones/pneumatic bones

Answer 30

• associated with paranasal sinuses of the same name: frontal, ethmoid, maxilla, and sphenoid bones
• temporal bone also exhibits mall air spaces in the mastoid process

Question 31

Describe sesamoid bones

Answer 31

small round or oval bones located within tendons
-ex are patella, pisiform, b/w metacarpals and proximal phalanges of the hand and between the metatarsals and proximal phalanges of foot

Question 32

What is accessory bone and give some examples.

Answer 32

• formed from the periosteum of existing bone

- ex) para-articular processes and bony spurs associated with vertebrae and tarsal bones

Question 33

What is heterotopic bone and give some examples.

Answer 33

formed from cells within nonbone-related tissues as a result of healing process, disease, stress, and/or age.
ex) pineal gland, heart, and within ligaments

Question 34

What are the four general categories of surface features recognized in bones.

Answer 34

elevations, depressions, tunnels or passageways, and facets

Question 35

What is elevation and what kind of types are there?

Answer 35

Elevations are features which extend above the surface of given bone.

linear, rounded, and sharp

Question 36

Describe rounded surface (elevation) and describe each type.

Answer 36

-demonstrate a variety of height, size of base, and or appearance
TYPES
1. tubercle= small, raised elevation both in terms of height and base, associated with attachment sites for ligaments or tendons. ex) superior, inferior, and lateral tubercles of T12
2. Protruberance= swelling or knob with a larger base forms this larger rounded eminence Ex) mental protuberance of mandible and external occipital protruberance of the occipital bone
3. trochanter- large, blunt projection with a significant base and height Ex) femur demonstrates both greater and lesser trochanter
4. Tuber/tuberosity= large, roughened yet rounded projection with a significant base although the height is extremely variable (ex. frontal tuber of the frontal bone, tuberosity for the serratus anterior muscle on 2nd rib, sacral tuberosity of S2, and ischial tuberosity of innominate bone
5. Malleolus: a hammerhead-like elevation Ex. medial malleolus of tibia and lateral malleolus of fibula

Question 37

What is linear surface elevation and describe each type.

Answer 37

-arranged along some linear axis; the subtypes are based on the height of the projection from the bone surface.
TYPES
1. line- slightest height, ex) transverse lines of sternum
2. ridge- a slightly higher linear elevations, often rough ex) transverse ridges of sacrum
3. crest- highest of the linear elevation, sharp and thin ex) median, intermediate, and lateral sacral crests

Question 38

Describe sharp surface elevations and describe each type

Answer 38

demonstrate a variable base and a variable length. The distal end of the projection also varies
TYPE
1) spine- thorn-like elevation (ex) ischial spine of innominate bone
2) process- relatively sharp, bony prominence with an increased length (ex) mastoid process and styloid process of temporal bone; spinous, transverse, and articular process of vertebrae; and xiphoid process of the sternum

Question 39

What are depressions and what type are there?

Answer 39

surface features which indent the bone.

types- linear and rounded depression

Question 40

What are linear surface depression and describe each type

Answer 40

-depression that follow some linear axis along the bone
TYPES
1) notch/incisure: short indentation of variable depth (superior and inferior vertebral notch/incisures of pedicles)
2) Groove: long furrow of variable depth (groove for the superior petrosal sinus, groove for the greater petrosal nerve and mastoid groove of temporal bone)
3) sulcus: wide groove of variable length and depth (sulcus for vertebral artery on the posterior arch of C1)

Question 41

What are rounded surface depression and describe each type.

Answer 41

vary in circumference and depth
TYPES
1) fovea: shallow depression of variable circumference (fovea dentis of C1 and the pterygoid fovea of the mandible)
2) Fossa: deeper depression of variable circumference (lacrimal fossa of the frontal bone and the mandibular or glenoid fossa of the temporal bone

Question 42

What are tunnels/passageways and describe each type

Answer 42

could penetrate the cortex of bone or completely through a bone types include foramen, canal, and meatus
TYPES
1) foramen: hole which completely penetrates the bone at the location; associated with an area of thin bone or short distance (foramen ovale of sphenoid bone, jugular foramen of temporal and occipital bones, and basivertebral venous foramen of vertebrae

2) canal- passageway with length; associated with thicker bone (vidian canal or the sphenoid bone, carotid canal of the temporal bone, and the infraorbital canal of the maxilla
3) meatus- a blind-ended passageway (internal/external acoustic meatus fo the temporal bones)
4) fissure- formed by more than 1 bone, opening, more slit like, form one place to another; between bones. Multibones comes together to or from one place to another

Question 43

A rounded opening of a tunnel/passageway in bone is called

Answer 43

ostium or orifice

Question 44

an irregular opening of a tunnel/passageway in bone is called

Answer 44

hiatus