Exam 1 (PG 1-21) Flashcards
how many segments if in a typical column in an adolescent?
33
how many vetebrae is in an adult?
26 vertebrae: 24 presacral segments, the 5 fused segments forming sacrum, and 4 fused segments forming the coccyx
Describe the presacral vertebrae
they are individualy moveable and are divided into three regions: cervical, thoracis or dorsal, and lumbar; referred to as spine
How many cervical veretbrae does the two-toed sloth have?
6
how many cervical vertebrae does a mantee have?
6
how many cervical vertebrae does an ant bear have?
8
How many cervical vertebrae does the three-toed sloth have?
9
Why is the sacrum revered?
Because of its relationship to fecundity and birthing as well as to the use of the pelvic region inforetelling or prophesying during human sacrifice
Coccyx comes from Greek meaning?
cuckoo’s bill or beak
Wat is the disparity in number and morphology of vertebrai within the population as a whole
gender variation (sexual dimophism), ontogenetic variation (growth/age variation), geographic or population based variation, and individual or idiosyncratic variation
A typical male spinal column measures?
70 cm (27.5 - 28.75 inches)
A typical female spinal vertebral column measures
60 cm (24.5-25.75 in)
measurement of cervical region
12 centimeters (5in)
measurements of thoracic region
28 cm (11 in)
measurement of lumbar region
18 cm (7in)
sacrum
12cm (5in)
function of vertebral column (10)
protection, support, skeletal formation, weight-bearing transfer, muscle and ligament attachments, shape and position, various joints which forms within a motion segment, transmission, the eye and vestibular apparatus of the inner ear require a horizontal axis for optimum function, and stabilization
muscle and ligamen attachments between vertebrae allows the torso to do what?
flex, extend, laterally bend, and rotate (motion); attachments to the extremities allows the torso to travel (locomotion)
What facilitates movement and compensates for tension, torsion, compression, and shear forces “resiliency”
various joints which form within a motion segment
Transmission from and to the CNS is accomplished by exte sites along the vertebral column known as
intervertebral foramina
What organs require a horizontal asis for optimum function
eye and vestibular apparatus
what is required for appropriate neural control of the vertebral column?
stabilization of visceral function
All vertebrae have a major bony mass called vertebral body except…
C1 (atlas)
Explain how the size and shape of the vertebral body differes within and between regions of the vertebral column
each segments increases in size from C2 (epitropheus) to S!. Segments below S1 demonstrates a gradual decrease in vertebral body size.
What is the shape of the vertebral body in the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar region
Cervical= rectangular Thoracic= triangular Lumbar= reniform
The surfaces of the vertebral body has a peripheral ring of compact bone called
superior/inferior epiphyseal rim
inside compact bony rim is an area called
spongy/cancellous bone
Explain the development of the vertebral body
Blood vessels penetrate the cartilage template and a primary ossification called centrum forms. Remnants of the superior and inferior cartilage template persist as the epiphyseal plate.(ossify bw 7-9 yrs old)
Blood vessels penetrate at the periphery of epiphyseal plate (isolated location). These ossify towards each other along the outside and at age 12 it unites to form the epiphyseal ring.
Last stage involves the union of the epiphyseal ring to the rest of the vertebral body. (synostosis) that occurs as early as 15 yrs old and forms the epiphyseal rim
The epiphyseal ring is separated form the rest of the developing vertebral body by a layer of cartilage, an example of what joint?
amphiarthrosis synchondrosis or cartilage joint
small openings found around the circumference of the vertebral body that supply the compact bone and or marro cavity is called?
nutrient or vascular foramina
Found at the back of the vertebral body, one or two large openings where the basivertebral veins exit the marrow cavity at this site is called?
basivertebral venous foramina
The anterior part of the vertebral arch attached to the vertebral body is called…
pedicle
part of the vertebral arch which unites in the midline and serves to anchor the spinous process is called
lamina
part of the vedrtebral arch between the pedicle and lamina is generically called
lamina-pedicle junction
What does the lamina-pedicle junction serve as the attaching site for…
transverse process and the articular processes
Where does the pedicle arise in the cervical vertebral body?
middle of the posterolateral margin
Where does the pedicle arise from the thoracics and lumbars?
upper third to half of the postero-lateral margin of the vertebral body
small concave indentations or scallops on the upper and lower margins of the pedicles are called
superior/ inferior vertebral notches or incisures
Intervetebral foramen is formed by what?
when two segments are united in a vertebral couple or motion segment created between the pedicles
The inferior vertebral notch forms the upper/lower boundary of the intervertebral foramen. What does the superior vertebral notch form
upper; lower boundary of the intervetebral foramen
cervical pedicles are directed more _______from the vertebral body, while thoracic and lumbar pedicles are primarily directed ____
posterolateral; posterior
laminae are directed more_____
posterior and median
What is shingling
laminae overlapping
what is the primary ligament of the lamina
ligamentum flavum
ligamentum flavum ossifies at its attachment site forming spike-like projections called
para-articular processesq
lamina pedicle junction is called what in the regions of the spine?
cervical=articular pillars
thoracics and lumbar= pars interarticularis
fusion of the laminae provides an area of attachment for the spinous process called
spino-laminar junction
tubular bone growth radiate from the vertebral arch into the transverse, vertical, and posterior planes is called
apophyses (transverse, articular, and spinous processes)
How is the transverse process projected in the spinal region?
cervical= anteriolaterally at 60 degrees from the midline thoracic= gradually force backwards by the lungs lumbar= directed straight out
they synovial joint formed by the facets of the vertebral couple is called
zygapophysis
superior articular process lies in front of the joint space and is called
prezygapophysis
inferior articular proces lies behind the joint space and is called
postzygapophysis
What are the anterior boundaries of the intervertebral foramen
vertebral bodies of the vertebral couples, intervertebral disc, and posterior longitudinal ligament
What are the four posterior boundaries of the intervertebral foramen?
postzygapophysis of teh vertebral body above, the prezygapophysis of the vertebral below, capsular ligament of the zygapophysis, and ligamentum flavum
What is the superior boundaries of the intervertebral foramen
inferior vertebral notch of the segment above, inferior boundary is formed by the superior vertebral notch of the segment below
spinous process that appears to overlap is called?
imbrication
with the exception of C1, the vertebral foramen is formed by
vertebral body and vertebral arch
what is the shape of the vertebral foramen of the spinal region
cervical, lumbar, and sacral= triangular
thoracic= oval
spinal cord and proximal part of the PNS, and the coverings (meninges) are found until what vertebral foramen
L2
What level of the vertebral foramen does the spinal cord typically terminate in
L1
The peripheral nerve roots will continue with meninges until____ and what is formed
S2; dural cul de sac
What does the epidural space contain
connective tissue, blood vessel, peripheral nerve, ligaments, and typical interstitial fluid
What are some blood vessels found in the epidural space
anterior and posterior spinal canal arteries, anterior and posterior internal vertebral venous plexuses, and the basivertebral vein
What ligaments are found in the epidural space?
posterior longitudinal ligament and ligamentum flavum
In the epidural space, the lumbar spine contains series of unusual ligaments attaching the dura mater to the vertebral bodies, intervertebral disc, and or PLL is called
Hoffmann (anterior dural, meningovertebral) ligaments
The primary neural tissue in the epidural space are?
recurrent meningeal, sinuvertebral or sinus vertebral nerve
What is subdural space known as and what does it contain
potential space, serous fluid
What does the subarachnoid space contain
CSF (area bw the arachnoid and pia mater of the spinal cord and proximal part of the PNS) blood vessels, nerves, and collections of connective tissues “ligaments”
What arteries are found in the subarachnoid space?
anterior spinal artery (orgin ->C3-C6)
posterior spinal artery (origen-> end of spinal cord)
arterial vasa corona (include spinal and communicating arteries)
anterior and posterior proximal and distal radicular arteries
anterior and posterior medullary feeder arteries
What veins are found in the subarachnoid space.
anterior and posterior longitudinal veins
venous casa corona (include communicating veins)
anterior and posterior radicular veins
anterior and posterior medullary veins
intervertebral veins
What is dentate ligament (denticulate ligament)
lateral modification of pia mater
How is the filum terminale internum formed (0.7-2mm in diameter)
when the neural tissue of the spinal cord terminates at L1 (sometimes L2)
How and what location is the dural cul de sac formed?
at vertebral foramen S2 and the dura and arachnoid maters fuse together
where does the cervical enlargement occur
C3-T1
the greates transverse diagmeter of teh spinal cord is found at
C6 (38mm)
lumbar enlargement of the spinal cord is found withing the vertebral canal of..
T9-T12
Lumbar enlargement is at…
at the location of origin for spinal nerves L1-S3
inside vertebral foramen of L1, the spinal cord tapers to from
conus medullaris
What spinal nerves are found along the length of the conus medullaris
S4, S5, Co1
What is cauda equina and where is it found?
collection of nerve roots occupying the vertebral foramina below L1 (horse’s tail)
an angiogram of arteries over the caudal region of the cord covering the last arterial vasa corona and a contination fo the anterior spinal artery past the conus medullaries create what?
cruciate anastomosis
Where and what forms the filum terminale externum?
below vertebral level S2, the meninges (dural, arachnoid, and pia maters) continue as a single fused thread
the filum terminale externum’s connective tissue tether is attached at what vertebral boddies and what is the site of attachment called?
Co1 and Co2; coccygeal medullary vestige
A conus medullaris below L1 and a filum terminale thicer than 2 mm leads to what?
tethered cord syndrome (progressive lower ext neurological deficiencies, urinary bladder deficienceis, orthopedic deformities, and back pain. => need surgery)
What is consider typcial vertebrae in the cervicals
C3-C6
What is considered atypical in the cervical region
C1, C2, C7
Lateral view, the posterior height is greater/lesser than the anterior height
greater by 1-2 mm per segments
what compenstates for the vertebral body height to form and maintain the lordotic (anterior) curve?
intervertebral disc height
located on the superior epiphyseal rim, what is the lateral margins called on the vertebral body, an elevated projection
uncinate
anterior view, region between the uncinate processes is called
anterior and posteiror groove
What is the projections called in the inferior epiphyseal rim?
anterior lip and posteiro lip
The beveled or indented area of the inferior epiphyseal rim is called
lateral groove or enchancrure (anvil)
the uncinate process and lateral grove participate with the intervertebral disc to form what joint
joint of Luschka (uncovertebral joint, lateral intervertebral joint)
what is the joint of Luschka classifed as for the researchers that believe this was a true synovical joint
modified diarthrosis sellar joint
what ligament is attached to each cervical segment?
longus colli muscle
What ligament is attached to the vertebral bodies of the cervical region?
anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments
pedicles project?
posterolateral (45 degrees)
where does the cervical spinal nerves exit the spinal canal by
intervertebral foramina
what classification of joint is formed by the ligamentum flavum to the lamina called?
amphiarthrosis syndesmosis
what is the shape of the vertebral foramen of the cervicals?
triangular or heart-shaped
What is associated with the vertebral body that may project into the vertebral foramen and where is the greatest frequency that this occurs in?
osteophytes; C5-C6 (27%) with C4-C5 and C6-C7 next at 17%
Transverse process of typical cervicals is formed from fives osseous parts:
cotal element, anterior tubercle, costotransverse bar, posterior tubercle, and true transverse process
costal element projects___ in the cervical region
anterolaterally
What are the muscles attaching to the anterior tubercle?
anterior scalene longus capitus longus colli anterior intertransversarii anterior intertranverse ligament (may be present)
what are the muscles attaching to the posterior tubercle?
splenius cervicis (C3-C4) iliocostalis cervicis longissimus cervicis levator scapula (C3-C4) middle scalene posterior scalene (C4-C6) rotators posterior intertransversarii posterior intertransverse ligament (may be present)
What connects the anterior and posterior tubercles
costotransverse bar (intertubercular lamella)
what is attached to eh costotransverse bar
middle scalene and posterior intertransversarii muscles
half of the costal element, half of true transverse process, the anterior and posterior tubercles, and entire costotransverse bar would together give rise to a cervical rib. This collective rib-forming region is
pleuapophysis
What pulls the transverse process forward and downward in the cervical region?
tension from neck musculature accommodating head position and cervical spinal nerves accommodating plexus position.
What is the degree of the transverse process anterior laterally and inferior
60 degrees anterior laterally and 15 degrees inferiorly
in the mature cervical vertebra, the posterior tubercle is located below the horizontal plane of the anterior tubercle and a sulcus is formed along the top of the costotransverse bar that is called…
sulcus for the ventral ramus
anterior tubercle of C6 is often enlarge and scalloped to accommodate the common carotid artery called
carotid tubercle
What is found in the transverse foramen
vertebral artery, descending vertebral venous plexus, neural tissue representing sympathetic division of ANS (postganglionic sympathetic motor nerve fiber)
On C3, C4, C5 the articular pillar is indented to accommodate the medial branch from the dorsal ramus of the cervical spine nerve called?
sulcus/groove for the dorsal ramus
what is the traditional and current degree angle of artcular facets
40-45 degrees
55-60 degrees
when does the facet angulation start to diminish and to what degree
C7-T1 about 10 degrees
orientation of superior/inferior articular facet
BUM
FoLD
what muscles attach to the articular process
longissimus cervicis, longissimus capitis (C4-C6) semipinalis vervicis (C4-C6) semispinalis capitis (C4-C6) semispinalis capitis (C4-C6) multifidis (C4-C6) perhaps rotators
what joint classification does the zygapophysis called
diarthrosis athrodia joint
The capsular ligament of the zygapophysis joint blends with what?
attachment for the simispinalis capitis, multifidis, and rotator longus muscles
what is commonly found in the cervical spine and that do they do?
meniscoidal folds; play a role in distributing pressure across the joint surface
where is the joint motion of the cervical spine typically studied at
occipital-C2 range separately from C2-C7
Studies of flexion-extension for the typical cercial region (C2-C7) have demonstrated that the greatest average ROM occurs at..
C5-C6 vertebral couple
what is couple motion
occurs when one direction of motion simultaneously unites with a second direction or patter of motion
Spinous process gradually increases in length from
C3-C6
which race has a bifid in C3-C6, which one does not
caucasion does, african-american does not
muscles attaching to the spinous process of typical cervicals are
spinialis cervicis (C3-C4) simispinalis cervicis (C3-C5) semispinalis thoracis (C6) multifidis rotators interspinalis
what ligaments attach to the spinous process
interspinous ligaments and ligamentum nuchae
