study guide from teacher

Question 1

1. What are the stages of prenatal development?

Answer 1

• Initial stage
◦ Zygote… Last only 1-2 wks
◦ If chromosomes absent or in excesss … Results in abnormal development n growth of zygote
◦ Sometimes abnormalities inherited …. Occur without reason
◦ Thus, half of zygotes dont survive.
• 2nd stage
◦ Embryo stage : bc it is now implanted in the uterus … Zygote enter embryo stage
◦ 2-8 weeks
◦ Here the heart begins to beat By 2 months
◦ Gender differentiating occurs .. Males with XY … Male sex organs begin :)
◦ Male embryos less likely to survive .. 126 male embryos to 100 female embryos .. 105 males born but 100 females
◦ Sometimes errors occurs in genetic replication… Male XY born with female external genitalia
▸ Intersex or hermaphrodite.. Now called disorder of sex development
• 3rd stage
◦ 9 wks- birth
◦ Now known as fetus
◦ Teratogens
▸ Basically toxic shit for babies
▸ Dangerous for fetal development
▸ Ex:cigarettes, alcohol, x-rays, infection outs diseases
▸ HIV: by birthing, breast feeding, labor
◦ Experiences in the womb contribute to the developing person :)
▸ Fetus learns the sound of the mother n prefers it
▸ If momma is stressed and have anxiety babies prone to behavior problems
▸ Study : exposure to hormones in the womb was found to correlate with development of cognitive abilities.. Ring fingers that were longer than index finger a sign of high prenatal testosterone exposure, correlated with higher scores on standardize math test .. Girls with a short ring fingur had a high literacy SAT score … If you have a longer ring figure … Ur brain may be more developed !!!
◦ By 6 months baby can survive being born !!!
▸ Calld age of viability
◦ Full term baby:::: 37 weeks
◦ Babies more likely to die if mother dies… Back in the days mothers died in 1:100… Now 1:10,000 :)

Question 2

2. Describe some of the problems that can result from environmental influences during the prenatal period of development.

Answer 2

In 3rd Stage : 9 weeks - birth

now its a fetus,

Teratogens: toxic agents from the environment, such as disease, poison, or. Drugs that can harm the fetus.

Ex: cigarettes, alcohols, x-rays, infectionsous diseases

Fetal alcohol syndrome: irreversible brain abnormalities caused by the mother’s consumption of alcohol during pregnancy

Question 3

3. Describe physical development in infants and newborns.

Answer 3

• Physical growth faster in the young
• Infancy cranial capacities
◦ Infants 25%
◦ Age 2.5 75%
◦ Age 5 90%
• However, when the brain is being stimulated the more developed and heavier the brain is

◦ Their synapses also changes … They were 50% larger
◦ Stimulating environment = larger more interconnected brains
• Young children have greater plasticity
◦ This means basically that the brain is able to adapt and I think perhaps change the way it interconnects to compensate to the loss that happen !!!

• Learning to walk
◦ 2 day old baby: curled in a fetal position
◦ 3 months : learn to roll over
◦ 6 months: sit up by themselves
◦ 9 months: crawling
◦ 12 months: stand alone/walk alone :)
• Usually the same for every kid!

• Stage theory
◦ Predicts thet babies must crawl b4 they walk.◦ It is like a requirement bc of neuromuscular stages

▸ But this is based upon cultural settings..some cultures carry babies until 1 yr and babies skip crawling and just scoop themselves when. Seated not crawling

Question 4

4. Discuss the dichotomy of nature vs. nurture and why it is important for theories of development.

Answer 4

• John B Watson
◦ Claimed nurture could change the future of any child to become anything evens thief or a beggar lol
• this guy believed that learning from the environment was the primary determinant in development
◦ Environmental factors ( caregivers, peers, rich environments) are important to influence in development !

• Nature weighs in development early
◦ Temperaments of newborns hereditary !!! Omg !!
◦ This temperaments relates to that when they grow as teens (their temperament as a teen)
◦ Genes :(

• Nature and nurture can interact to create patterns of development
◦ …like individual differences in intellectual ability
• Socioeconomic statues …. Low income families … Well the kids tend to do poorly in test bc of their neighborhood schools
• A genre by Environment interaction occurs ;;; genes do matter for intelligence, but only for those children who’d basic needs are already being supported by their environments … High SES house holds
• The role genes depends on reciprocal integration btwn the child and his/Environment
◦ Basically saying that the right environment is needed for biological process to be unfolded

• Basically saying that our choice makes a difference if whe choose to be mean to kids or not… Or become social or not etc etc.

Question 5

5. What are assimilation and accommodation? Give an example of each.

Answer 5

Assimilation: using current concepts in memory to understand new information

Zerba: its a horse!

Here, you just fit it right into w.e u know b4 u saw this new species /

Accommodation: changing concepts in memory to fit new information.

fish and dolphin

It’s a Fish. dad says no its a water animal.

New category: water animal … you create a new overal concept to fit it…

Question 6

6. How does Piaget characterize the way that infants understand their world? (Hint: define sensorymotor development and object permanence)

Answer 6

Sensorimotor stage
• All about learning to grasp and manipulating object and moving through the world
• Focus on
◦ Development of sensory and motor processes
• During this stage there is change … It is called object permanence
◦ 8 months or younger toys … “out of site out of mind”
◦ By 9 months they start looking for these out of site toys …. Implying that they are now thinking about it
• With peek-a-boo they start to learn that gone things are still there… Object permanence… This helps them move to the next stage

Object permanence: babies remembering objects they can no longer see in front of them.

Question 7

7. How do preoperational and concrete operational thought differ, according to Piaget?

Answer 7

In preoperational, He IDed conservation, where kids dont understand that even when u spread out pennies, they are the same amount of pennies when stacked up together or spread closely together… Here, in preoperational stage he also IDed egocentrism, where kids only think their way is the best way … oblivious to other’s perspective, feelings, ideas.

-uses words and images but not logic … preschoolers, kindergartners (2-7)

—-Mo from Moster’s INC>.. called the moster Kitty!

Concere operational:: they are no longer fooled with the pennies, However, they have a hard time to combine 2 dimensions…

– grade schoolers (7-11) thinks logically about concrete objects (or actual objects) .. achieve conservation

Question 8

8. Give an example of how more recent research suggests that Piaget may have underestimated children’s abilities.

Answer 8

• Child chess experts remember more locations of pieces
than novice adults

• But children remember fewer digits

(Micki Chi, U. Pittsburgh)

Babies show evidence of ‘reasoning’ about things they can’t see

BY; Renée Baillargeon U. Illinois also Su-hua Wang, UCSC

Baillargeon’s findings with 3.5 month olds

Possible event (carrot short and does dissapeare from |-|) & Impossible event (long carrot and shouldn’t but does dissapeare from |-|)

First, habituated to both events (actual square [] (not rectangle but square -.-) the carrots went throught.. and did)

TEST: Looked significantly longern at impossible test events ( when the carrots went thorugh a |-| shaped thing and the LONG carrot went right through it dissapearing in the middle.)

Question 9

9. Describe a conservation task and how it would be answered by a preoperational child and by a concrete operational child.

Answer 9

cup of water… in a short glass… then poured into a long glass.

Does the long glass water have more than in the short glass?

Preoperational: yes.

Concrete operational: no… same amount just that the glass is long -.-

Question 10

10. How does the information processing approach contrast with Piaget’s approach?

Answer 10

Information Processing theorist think kids are just novice. like the fish gowing up .. they are quialitative-ly growing… quantinty bc they are the same but just imersing with new data

Piaget’s approach is more of a qualitative approach… where it’s froma catapellar to a buttlerfly… things eolve…

Question 11

11. What is the sociocultural approach to developmental psychology? (Hint: Vygotsky) Give an example of how this approach questions some of the assumptions of previous theories.

Answer 11

• Vygotsky – children’s thinking develops in social contexts, mediated by other people, language, and tools
  * “zone of proximal development” – range between what child can do on their own vs with help of others

uhm idk they assume we have a static environment.. which we don’t we all have differential environments which help us learn differently!

we don’t all grow up in a western world….

Question 12

12. What is a critical period? Give an example from animal research and explain why it is controversial to argue that there are critical periods in human development.

Answer 12

Critical period: a period during development where specific abilities must occur.

◦ Ex: ducks 13-16 hrs shortly they start imprinting to follow the momma!!! :D
◦ Highly unethical to do a study so only find kids in the adoption places
• Case study: Genie !!

Question 13

13. Discuss some of the cognitive changes that occur with aging.

Answer 13

• Old ppl show a decline in fluid intelligence (reasoning about new information)
• Crystallized intelligence (or reasoning using knowledge already existing in memory) show no decline with advancing age
• Old ppl do. Know better!!!

Question 14

14. How do the children in the video on “First Errands” illustrate aspects of developmental psychology and cultural variation?

Answer 14

kids with the guidance of parents… they learn…

cultural variation … that each of them had difference in their perspective than we did… we western world would not let a kid of 5-6 yrs go get dipers or yeah..

Question 15

15. What is attachment and why is it important for early development?

Answer 15

Attachment: a deep, emotional bong that an infant develops with its caregiver.

just because kids with secure attachment tend to be better…. idk

Question 16

16. How do Harlow’s studies on monkeys help us to understand human relationships? What ideas about attachment did Harlow’s findings address?

Answer 16

well they were unethincal … isolated bby monkey from mom…. surrogate moms.. 1 wire one cloth..

wire mom had the milk… didnt matter they prefered the cloth mom… contanct !!!

◦ Called it the contact comfort.
▸ The infant monkeys would go get their food/ milk from the wired one but went back immediately to the softer “mom”
◦ When they were startled they would go hug their soft “mom”
◦ And went they took away the soft mom they looked pitiful crying in fear, crouching, and sucking their thumbs. :”(
• Basically found that attachment bonding is a physical (contact) rather than biological (food).

Question 17

17. What is the strange situation?

Answer 17

By Mary Ainsworth

• Home observations in Uganda & Baltimore
• Focused on separation/ reunion of mother/ child
• Developed lab situation to observe attachment behavior

1. Parent + Infant
2. Stranger appears
3. I + S
4. I + P
5. I
6. I + S—
7. I + P— Second separation & reunion

4 outcomes…

secure B babies - cried when mom left, but greeted her happily when they came back – didnt play with stranger (65%)

Insecure-Avoidant A babies - babies didnt cry, and aoided contact with mom… played with stranger (20-25%)

Insecure- Resistant C babies –got really upset when left, couldnt be content when mom got back :/ had angry behavior/ proximity ones too (10-15%)

Disoriented/ Disorganized: D babies– got frozen, got confused (5%)

Question 18

18. Describe the different types of attachment described by Mary Ainsworth based on the strange situation. Which type of attachment is “healthiest” according to Ainsworth, and why?

Answer 18

healthiest is SECURe.

secure B babies - cried when mom left, but greeted her happily when they came back – didnt play with stranger (65%)

Insecure-Avoidant A babies - babies didnt cry, and aoided contact with mom… played with stranger (20-25%)

Insecure- Resistant C babies –got really upset when left, couldnt be content when mom got back :/ had angry behavior/ proximity ones too (10-15%)

Disoriented/ Disorganized: D babies– got frozen, got confused (5%)

• Correlated with later school competence
Problem-solving, social competence, cooperation, empathy, self-esteem

Question 19

19. What are some reasons for questioning the idea that healthy attachments are the same all around the world? Describe some of the research findings on attachment in different countries.

Answer 19

Researchers too often…
• see own culture as “normal” and others as “deficient”
• see other cultures as homogeneous
• expect they can take concepts in their own
culture and readily apply them to another culture

Leads to false inferences

In Israel, 50 % avoidant.. they were more independent…

In japan 80% were secure… bc mom’s were given a break from work for about 2 years … they value child n mother connectivity

Question 20

20. Describe Erikson’s ideas about what forms the different stages of development.

Answer 20

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages
Age ! !Developmental Task
0-1 Trust /mistrust
1-3 Autonomy/shame
3-6 Initiative/guilt ! ! !
6-12 Industry / inferiority
Adol. Identity / role confusion
Early adul. Intimacy /isolation
Mid. age Generativity / stagnation
Old age Ego integrity / despair

Question 21

21. Define ‘resilience and give an example.

Answer 21

Resilience: when u have a shitty as life but some now u come out okay
◦ Partly hereditary !!!
◦ Resilience so ordinary !
◦ Schools can foster resilience by being tightly communicative with students, parents, teachers..

Question 22

22. What evidence is there that observed gender differences could be related to socialization patterns?

Answer 22

• Parents’ conversations with boys and girls
• Autobiographical memory studies (Fivush)
• More overall talk about emotions with girls, especially sadness
• More talk about anger with boys
• Science talk in museums (Crowley & Callanan) (her study in museums n stuff)

Question 23

23. Discuss the differences among authoritarian, authoritative, permissive (or indulgent) and neglectful parenting styles. Which one is associated with more positive outcomes in children? Is this a universal finding?

Answer 23

Authoritative - high nurture, high control

authoritarian - low nurture, high control

permissive- high nurture, low control

neglecting- low nurture, low control

authoritative is more positive,

NO, in mexican cultures u have respeto … in chiniese u have guan !

Question 24

24. What is the important task of adolescence according to Erikson? How are peers important for this development?

Answer 24

• Social development for adolescence
◦ Peer relationships
▸ Have bffs that are makes and can distinguish from peer friendship from that of a romantic relationship
▸ These provide a reference to compare and evaluate a developing identity
▸ Study : grades 7-11 grade … Showed influence of closets friends on the likelyhood of binge drinking or engaging in sexual activity
▸ Peer pressure : marked by conformity of behavior … Peaks during the 9th grade
◦ Peers can influence both negatively or positively

Question 25

25. Give an example of how some aspect of cognitive development would also impact development of social relationships? (thought question!)

Answer 25

object permenance: kniwing something is there or not… you gotta develop security/ trust … trusting someone you gotta know they are there even when they are not

perspective tatking ;;; social competene… not being egocentric anymore (PT) and being able to interact with other with their differ perspective …

Question 26

26. Give an example of a research finding on adult relationships and relate it to Erikson’s theory.

Answer 26

• Those that reached their goals fear death less
• Fits Erikson’s life-span theory, suggesting the need to resolve the final conflict -ego integrity vs. despair- in development over the lifespan.

• Some ppl wanna make a difference : Ericson’s generativity
◦ making a mark, leaving a mark … When adults feel they are largely satisfied with their lives they say this

Question 27

27. Explain how Kohlberg’s theory of moral development assesses children’s “level of morality.”

Answer 27

His theory: 3 moral levels each divided into two stages
◦ Preconventional level of moral reasoning judges the morality of an action based on its consequences , particularly oneself
◦ Conventional level of moral reasoning determines tight and wrong based on social roles and society’s laws
◦ Post conventional level of moral reasoning considers that social contracts, laws, and rules can bend to uphold individual and universal rights.
• Studies shows that ppl go thought stages 1 & 2 of moral reasoning in order
• Only educated adults for, middle class, urban areas were found using post conventional level of reasoning ..

Question 28

28. What at the three key properties that define language as defined by your textbook? How do these separate human language from other forms of communication?

Answer 28

• Semanticity – meaning or reference to things in the world
• Generativity – can recombine words in endless ways to
create new meanings
• Displacement – can refer to things not present or visible

animals don’t have generativity but do have semanticity

Question 29

29. How does the language of chimps who have been trained on language seem to be different from human children’s language?

Answer 29

no generativity …

Question 30

30. Describe a research finding on how children’s understanding of language sounds change with experience. Why is this important to the critical period hypothesis?

Answer 30

The video with the 6-8 month baby that could identify the SCHK from SCH from the native american tribe… but the 12 month old could not… bc it didn’t turn right when the schk to sch changed.. but the 6-8 month old did with the anticipation that she was gonna see the toys playing!!! it was her cue!!! :D

Question 31

31. Define “holophrase,” “phoneme,” and “morpheme.”

Answer 31

Phonemes: the basic sounds of human languages

Morpheme: the smallest unit of sound that carries meaning.

Holophrastic: the use of a single word to reprint represent more complex ideas in early language learning ex: bottle bby trying to say where is my bottle ?

Question 32

32. What is the vocabulary spurt?

Answer 32

• “Vocabulary spurt” – approx. 18-24 months

when babies all of a sudden start picking up a bunch of words up!!

Question 33

33. Why was the word “pancake” important in the video we watched in class?

Answer 33

because it became a Holophrase.. which meant many things not just pancakes!!

Question 34

34. How does the behaviorist theory of language learning differ from the nativist theory?

Answer 34

§ Skinner: Verbal Behavior
§ Chomsky: Language Acquisition Device (LAD)

• So it’s not JUST imitation or reinforcement
• And parents’ speech to children is NOT degenerate
• But also, children are very active in learning language and
producing their own new words, sentences

Question 35

35. Why is it controversial as to whether there is a critical period for learning grammar of langauge? Why is the data regarding “Genie” ambiguous?

Answer 35

• Young infants can perceive more speech sounds than
adults
• At least for phonology there does seem to be a critical period

no clear evidence of critical period for syntax and
semantics
• But the one exception that seems clear –
• Speech sounds
• Implication: second language learning – accent versus other
aspects of language?

Question 36

36. What parts of language are meant by phonology, grammar, semantics, and pragmatics?

Answer 36

• Phonology (sounds)
• Phonemes – smallest unit of sound
• Semantics (meaning)
• Morphemes – smallest units of meaning
• Grammar (forming sentences; rule-based)
• Pragmatics (how we use language in social settings)
• Can be different from literal meaning: “Can you pass the salt?”
“Yes!”
• Gesture, intonation, facial expression, setting

Question 37

37. What are some of the advantages that have been found for being bilingual in research on bilingual language development?

Answer 37

• Advantages!
• Longer sensitivity to speech sounds of other languages in
infancy
• Better performance at tasks requiring attention, inhibition
• A not-B error?
• Switching rules – more flexible
• Better at solving problems that contain conflicting or
misleading cues
• Why?
• Some argue competition between bilinguals’ two
languages may make them more skilled at coordinating
attention and controlling need to inhibit a response

Question 38

38. Give an example of how definitions of ‘intelligence’ vary across cultures.

Answer 38

CHinese ppl think working hard for it is being intelligent… while being in western pplaces…. being intelligent is not working hard for it but getting it

Question 39

39. What was the goal of Binet and Simon’s test (which became the precursor of modern intelligence tests)?

Answer 39

Rise of Widespread Public Schooling 1905
Binet & Simon (France)

– Commissioned to classify kids so that they received
appropriate schooling, screen for “mental retardation”
– Used judgment, memory and reasoning measures
– Kids who mastered questions at their age level were
considered of “regular intelligence” = “mental age”

Question 40

40. What is meant by “g”?

Answer 40

General intelligence (g): Spearman’s theory that all mental abilities reflect a single underlying capacity.

Question 41

41. Give an example of how intelligence tests can be culturally biased.

Answer 41

can be asking for something that is only taught in the western world

Question 42

42. Discuss the issues of reliability and validity with regard to intelligence tests.

Question 43

43. How might creativity be related to intelligence?

Answer 43

Creative intelligence: Sternberg’s theory suggests an underlying component of applying mental abilities to your experience in novel and helpful ways.

Sternberg’s (1985) triarchic theory intelligence includes :::::
◦ analytic intelligence (mental operations u perform),
◦ creative intelligence (the vary of u approach problems) ,
▸ CI : includes the ability to decide which I information is relevant, how the old connects to the new, hoe to combine ideas in novel ways and to see the big picture
◦ & practical intelligence (manage ur cognitive resources to get the job done)

Question 44

44. Define fluid and crystallized intelligence. Give an example of an IQ test question for each

Raymond Cattell (1963)

Answer 44

Fluid intelligence: the ability to figure out relationships between new concepts within a given task.

▸ Ex of test of fluid is ::: Raven’s progressive Matrices, designed to require no specific prior knowledge to perform well.

Crystallized intelligence: the ability to draw upon previously learned knowledge and skills.

multiplication question

Question 45

45. Discuss Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence.

Answer 45

• Sternberg’s (1985) triarchic theory intelligence includes :::::
◦ analytic intelligence (mental operations u perform),
◦ creative intelligence (the vary of u approach problems) ,
▸ CI : includes the ability to decide which I information is relevant, how the old connects to the new, hoe to combine ideas in novel ways and to see the big picture
◦ & practical intelligence (manage ur cognitive resources to get the job done)
▸ PI : includes the ability to assess the situation and do what is necessary to be successful . ,iD what is expected of you, working effectively within the time provided,,, knowing ur strength and weakness

Question 46

46. Discuss Howard Gardner’s views about multiple intelligences.

Answer 46

“ability to solve problems or create
products that are valued
in one or more cultural settings”

Practical thriving (not just abstract thinking)
– adaptation to a changing world
– motivation to work efficiently
– ability to create products valued by others

Question 47

Which of the following is the best evidence of critical
periods in human development?

Answer 47

a. the case study of Genie, a young girl who had not
been exposed to language
b. the finding that people can learn a second
language, even in adulthood
c. the finding that adults tend to talk to infants using
shorter sentences and higher pitched speech
d. the finding that babies can perceive sound
contrasts of many languages until the age of
about 8 months

A: D

Question 48

Parents who use a combination of clear limits and nurturance are using a parenting style nown as:

Answer 48

a. authoritative- high control, high nurture
b. aurthoritarian - high control -low nuture
c. generative- has nothing to do with parentling style !
d. indulgent - low control - high nurture

Anwser: A

last of the 4 is neglecting parents: low warm & low nuture

Question 49

In the film about children’s errands shown in class, the
child who was sent for “the discount” best illustrated
which of the following views of cognitive
development?

Answer 49

A. Piaget’s stage of sensorimotor
development
B. Information processing view of increasing
processing speed with age
C. Sociocultural theory’s view of guided
participation in learning
D. Critical period for language learning

Answer : C

bc mom guided the child befoe she went by herself …

Question 50

52. What are traits? How are they measured?

Answer 50

Trait: a stable characteristic of behavior.

observed in infancy

adult: self-report

Question 51

53. What are the “BIG 5”?

Answer 51

• Open to experience Conservative
• Conscientious Spontaneous
• Extraverted Introverted
• Agreeable Quarrelsome
• Neurotic (anxious) Emotionally stable

Question 52

54. How did Walter Mischel’s critique of personality traits change the field of personality?

Answer 52

Consistency Paradox (Walter Mischel)
People think personality is consistent BUT it turns out that
behaviors are not consistent

Question 53

55. What is temperament? What evidence is there that temperament is innate? What evidence that it
    is influenced by experience?

Answer 53

• Enduring personal quality or attribute that
influences behavior across situations

the money stemom video~~~~

Question 54

56. In Freud’s psychodynamic theory, what are some of the drives that motivate people to do what
    they do? How do defense mechanisms work?

Question 55

57. Discuss Freud’s developmental model and its stages.

Answer 55

ORAL 0-18 mos Dependency
ANAL 2-3 yrs Orderliness, cleanliness
PHALLIC 4-6 Parental Identification Oedipal complex
Penis envy, castration complex
LATENCY 7-11 Sublimation of sexual and aggressive urges
GENITAL 12+ yrs Mature sexuality and relationships

Question 56

58. Describe Freud’s idea of the Oedipus complex and how it relates to development.

Answer 56

◦ Puberty-adulthood: Genital

If boy you have what Freud called Oedipal complex (boys unconscious desire for his mother) imitates of identifies with dad more during this stage.
• It explains how boys are clinging to mom when kids and get uber close to the dad later on when they hit puberty :/ … Kids or boys see dad as a competition. Bc dad needs attention and love from mom too.
• Happens unconsciously at the end boy n father

Question 57

59. Define id, ego, and superego.

Answer 57

• Id = primitive, unconscious, governed by pleasure
principle
• Superego = internalized morals, values, conscience,
governed by “perfection principle”
• Ego = moderates id vs superego, interacts with
conscious reality, finds appropriate channels for
impulses, governed by “reality principle”

Question 58

60. What are some of the problems with Freud’s theory and other psychodynamic theories?

Answer 58

• Problems regarding empirical evidence
• Many concepts vague, not operationally defined
• Some aspects of the theory are clearly wrong, others
untestable (defy the principle of “falsifiability” see p. 513)

Question 59

61. What are Humanistic theories of personality? What is their major critique of other views of
    personality?

Answer 59

Carl Rogers

• Humans have a need for positive regard ( sense of being loved n respected)
◦ We also have positive self-regard - grow ur own version of positive regard
▸ Develop pos. self-regard through the positive regard u get from others.
• Unconditional positive regard: ideal way to obtain positive regard that grows into pos. self-regard… Allows u to love n respect urself and get in touch with ther internal sense of what is best for u.
◦ Usually works out unless its given with strings attached.
• Conditional positive regard::: u have to act a certain way to be loved and respected. Or love n respect when u act a certain way,
◦ Note: parents, teacher, n friends do this unintentionally and usually not out spot some desire to control u .
◦ Sometimes when ur conditioned u shut ur own voice down to external reason (to get the love and respect)
• Real self:::: internal GPS that guides u by means of the actualizing tendency
• Self-image::: the way u see urself
• With CONDITIONAL regard u develop an idea of what u should become to get maximum worthy feelings from others.
• Ideal self::: internal ideal .. Can possibly me all the conditions of worth we discern from other.
◦ Incongruency:::: the difference between real self ad artificial ideal self … More of this u have the more miserable u are !!!

Harlow

Some needs take precedence over others…

• 5 levels higher level needs are less important bc we can survive without them
◦ Physiological needs: biological drives and survival
◦ Safety and security needs: stability and well-being
◦ Love and belonging needs: relationships and sense of purpose
◦ Esteem needs: being valued by others.
◦ Actualization needs: being the best version of yourself possible.
• D needs::: aka deficit needs … U really feel that need when your running low on it
◦ Lacking D need will stunt ur growth
• B needs:::: aka being need… Actualization. We all growth toward that! …
◦ The more energy the more u growth .
• Self-actualization ppl accept others.

◦ Peak experiences :::aka transient moments of self actualization … Associated with feelings of harmony, interconnectedness and joy.

• Hard to have scientific evidence for these theories :/ like Freud’s
• Data comes from case studies from the healthiest people.
• Impractical bc they think ppl are all naturally good !?
• Formed our understanding of therapy .

Question 60

62. How do Social-Cognitive models differ from Psychodynamic models of personality?

Answer 60

ones surrounding will effect one

in psychodynamic +++ it’s how one doesnt show our real self… our unconscious !!

Question 61

63. Describe the “self theory” approach to personality.

Answer 61

• Self-concept (how we think of ourselves)
Self-esteem & self-presentation
similar to ‘identity’ – Erikson

Question 62

64. Discuss the biological perspective on personality.

Answer 62

Hans Eysenck

• Differences bc of temperament :: inborn biological traits.

• 3 factor model of personality … Has 3 most important dimensions
◦ Neuroticism N-emotional stability … Based on how easily the sympathetic nervous system is activated …
▸ Low levels :: takes longer to get u all emotional or having neg feelings
◦ Extroversion E —He believed that extroversion was influenced by variations in arousal in the cortex.
▸ Arosal theory :::
• Introverts :: arousal engine idled higher, need less external stimulant to feel comfortable
• Extroverts :: have lower baseline level of cortical arousal n so seek stimulation!!
▸ Study on introverts vs extroverts desired music volume level to work on a puzzle
• Introverts :: noise level was much lower than those of extroverts … Each group did better when they performed on their preferred noise level
▸ Introversion-extroversion driven by cortical arousal
◦ Psychoticism P-combines the attributes of big 5 of openness and agreeable.
▸ Score high: inflexible, creative, n inconsiderate , quick to anger, reckless
▸ Higher the testosterone the higher P !!!

Question 63

65. Discuss the research findings regarding personality and culture. What are some issues that come
    up when considering personality across cultures?

Question 64

66. Discuss the research on adolescent identity – is this another way to think about personality?