cahpter 8 Flashcards

Question

Behaviorist theory:

Answer 1

the view that language is learned just like other things.

Answer 2

: the view that language is a special skill we are born with.

Answer 3

the view that language combines inborn abilities with special environmental triggers.

Answer 4

- ex: baby turning when the native indians descriminant thier SHK and SCLK sound... the 8 month old baby noticed it but a 12 month old baby DID NOT * AT least for phonology there does seem to be a critical period. 12 month old dont distinguish the PHONOMEs 1. this is why there are accents.. bc we lose the ability to learn the language like the native language speakers.. (english speakers trying to role their RRR's lol to speak spanish... hard for them) * also seen a distinct difference for native, early, and late learners that struggle with morphology! natives have a higher score the early and early are at least at positive than late... cant do the -ed's or -s, -ing

Answer 5

Genie ‘The wild child’ • Isolated & abused - age 20 mos to 13 yrs • When found she had no language • Placed in a nurturing environment she developed the vocabulary of a 5-yr-old • But never really developed fully fluent language

Answer 6

-ex: baby turning when the native indians descriminant thier SHK and SCLK sound... the 8 month old baby noticed it but a 12 month old baby DID NOT, the phonomenes ... an 8-6 month old baby turned with the sound of SHK & SCLK changed she moved her head to see the toy play!!!

Answer 7

* Shorter utterances, more grammatical, higher pitch, here-and-now, repetition * real modifications adults do when talking to kids/babies... even seen in ASL kids * BY CHOMSKY *

Answer 8

Degenerant speech is that language cannot be learned bu behavior .... LAD : language acquisition device ... what is inside the mind.... it is inate,,, part of the brain used for language

Answer 9

verbal language

Answer 10

is with MORPHEMES - smallest units of meaning ex: Pad & Bad - different meaning prefixies - pre, anti-, -s

Answer 11

the rules syntax

Answer 12

* Can be different from literal meaning * ex: can you pass the salf? * yes.... but they dont literally pass the salt... gesture, intonation (tone of voice) facial expressions, setting - when we use sarcasm

Answer 13

approx- 18-24 months when babies start learning lots of words!

Answer 14

word ending - plural, past tense etc - overregularization erroes !!!!

Answer 15

• Babbling – beginning between 2 and 12 months • Gestures & Comprehension of words in context • “First word” – 10-14 months Holophrase (e.g., from video – “pancake”) • “Vocabulary spurt” – approx. 18-24 months • Telegraphic speech – 24-30 months Two or three words at a time; simple words • Morphology development – e.g., word endings Plural, past tense, etc. Overregularization errors • Complete sentences

Answer 16

* By a Nativist * Noam Chomsky * thought it was a cognitive device in the brain * humans are born with the instinct or "innate facility" for acquiring language * children have significant innate (inborn, natural) knowledge of grammar they would be unable to learn language as quickly as they do, given that they never have access to negative evidence and rarely received direct instruction in their first language.

Answer 17

Skinner : A behaiorist Verval behavior, meaning there should be 2 things * **immiation** : 1) frequency: frequency in adult speech doesnt matsh kid's 1st word, parents use THE a lot but kids don't learn that first or use it at the beginning at all! 2) Productivity: brand new forms of laguage- kids make their own way of communicating EX: all gone sticky! - meaning I washed my hands. * **reinforcement!:** NOT ON GRAMMAR BUT IN TRUE VALUE, grammar not learned b/c of reinforcemnt from parents but bc they start attending school. parents just answer questions... they dont correct them. Chomsky: A Nativist says that motherese

Answer 18

evidence for and against each? DEALS WITH SKINNER: Verbal behavior, FOR: that bc behvaior is learned, so should language,.... against: imitation (kids don't talk like parents, and create their own language) and reinforcement (they are nvr reinforced by parents in grammar)

Answer 19

evidence for and against each? Deals with Noam CHOMSKY!!! came up with the idea of LAD (language acquisition Device) FOR: that we have a device inside the mind... it is innate (inborn) part of the brain used for language Against:

Answer 20

evidence for and against each? A combination of inborn abilities and environmental feature a combo of both!!!! THE BEST TO FIT !!! bc kids are very active in learning langugage and rpoducing their own new words and sentences

Answer 21

watched a vide of Tanzy , knows lots of words -has sematicity or semantics BUT NOT GENERATIVITY (can recombine words in endless ways to create new meanings) -they sont just chat t=for the heck of it, only to communicate for personal needs.

Answer 22

BY Susan Goldin-Meadow ## Footnote - Not ASL - deaf children of hearing parents (parents can hear) - not taught sign - they nvr fully develop a fluency on language like Genuie never did :'( - Fragile: property of language that have SPECIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL aspects... like the hot-house orchid needs specific environment to grow!!! - environment is crucial - Resilience: properity of language that is like WEEDS, will grow no matter what

Answer 23

Disadvantages? • slower to begin speaking, smaller vocabulary • BUT often they are comparing vocab in English for both monolingual and bilingual! Total words – no difference • Also need to consider social and political status of second language; US different from most other countries in distrust of bilingualism • Advantages! • Longer sensitivity to speech sounds of other languages in infancy • Better performance at tasks requiring attention, inhibition ----A not-B error? ---- Switching rules – more ﬂexible • Better at solving problems that contain conflicting or misleading cues Why? • Some argue competition between bilinguals’ two languages may make them more skilled at coordinating attention and controlling need to inhibit a response

Answer 24

• ‘Language lessons’ - Names for objects - Known-answer questions(some communities don't ask Q's that u already know, in Guate: kids only listen in convos and join once they r ready) - middle class US phenomenon? (parents working \>?) • In many cultures children immersed in ongoing talk but with less direct teaching - eg Rogoff and colleagues • Overhearing research (Akhtar) – children learn new word just as easily through overhearing as direct joint attention (kids just pick up language they over hear)