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Psyc 1 exam 2 chpt 12, 8, 9 ,13 > cahpter 8 > Flashcards

cahpter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Broca’s area:

A

part of the left frontal lobe that produces speech sounds

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2
Q

Wernicke’s area:

A

part of the left temporal lobe that comprehends spoken words

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3
Q

Linguistic relativity:

A

Linguistic relativity: the notion that language shapes our ideas and not the other
way around.

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4
Q

Language:

A

a form of thinking used to communicate with others and ourselves

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5
Q

Semantics:

SEMANTICITY !!!!!

A

continuing meaning or references to things in the world

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6
Q

Generativity:

A

the capacity to use of finite set to create endless variety of unique
combinations.

can recombine words in endless ways to create new meanings

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7
Q

Displacement:

A

the ability to refer to things not visible in our immediate
surroundings

things that are not present or visible !!!

doesnt have to be present for us to talk about it

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8
Q

Phonemes:

Phonology (sound)

A
  • the basic sounds of human languages
  • verbal language
  • ex: in spanish rolling the R’s
  • in sign language- movements you make with hands
    *
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9
Q

Morpheme:

meaning !!!!

A

the smallest unit of sound that carries meaning.

ex: Pad & Bad- different and in meaning ! !

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10
Q

Word:

A

a meaningful pattern of sound defined within a language.

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11
Q

Phrase:

A

two or more words combine to convey meaning

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12
Q

Sentence:

A

organized sequence of words that convey facts, hypotheses, questions,
requests, requests, intentions, and thoughts.

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13
Q

Grammar:

A

rules within a language that determine whether a sentence is properly
formed and complete

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14
Q

Surface structure:

A

the ordering of a sequence of words in time.

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15
Q

Deep structure:

A

the meaning composed by a phrase or sentence.

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16
Q

Gist:

A

the semantic meaning of a sentence

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17
Q

Paraphrase:

A

a description of the same meaning using different elements.

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18
Q

Pragmatics:

A

the social context of language that adds to its meaning.

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19
Q

Extralinguistic factors:

A

information outside of language that aids in comprehension

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20
Q

Babbling:

A

the initial vocalizing performed by babies learning to speak

~2-12 months

21
Q

Holophrastic:

holophrases

in first word

A

the use of a single word to reprint represent more complex ideas
in early language learning

  • recall the black bby in the video: pancakes… meant she was going to eat some, but later she dropped a piece and it meant “I dont my pancake :( “
  • usually ~ 10-14 months
    *
22
Q

Telegraphic speech:

A

two and three word combinations with meaning

24-30 month old babies

-2-3 words at a time, simple words

remember telegrams!!! charged by the word…lol

23
Q

Overregularizen

overregularization erros

A

applying a rule of grammar beyond its limits

24
Q

Critical period:

A

a sensitive time in development during which learning must
occurs.

25
Q

Behaviorist theory:

A

the view that language is learned just like other things.

26
Q

Nativist theory

A

: the view that language is a special skill we are born with.

27
Q

Interactionist theory:

A

the view that language combines inborn abilities with special
environmental triggers.

28
Q

Critical period hypothesis

A
  • ex: baby turning when the native indians descriminant thier SHK and SCLK sound… the 8 month old baby noticed it but a 12 month old baby DID NOT
  • AT least for phonology there does seem to be a critical period. 12 month old dont distinguish the PHONOMEs
    1. this is why there are accents.. bc we lose the ability to learn the language like the native language speakers.. (english speakers trying to role their RRR’s lol to speak spanish… hard for them)
  • also seen a distinct difference for native, early, and late learners that struggle with morphology! natives have a higher score the early and early are at least at positive than late… cant do the -ed’s or -s, -ing
29
Q

The case of Genie

A

Genie ‘The wild child’
• Isolated & abused - age 20 mos to 13 yrs
• When found she had no language
• Placed in a nurturing environment she
developed the vocabulary of a 5-yr-old
• But never really developed fully fluent
language

30
Q

Infants’ perception of speech sounds

A

-ex: baby turning when the native indians descriminant thier SHK and SCLK sound… the 8 month old baby noticed it but a 12 month old baby DID NOT, the phonomenes … an 8-6 month old baby turned with the sound of SHK & SCLK changed she moved her head to see the toy play!!!

31
Q

Child-directed speech (motherese)

A
  • Shorter utterances, more grammatical, higher pitch, here-and-now, repetition
  • real modifications adults do when talking to kids/babies… even seen in ASL kids
  • BY CHOMSKY
    *
32
Q

degenerant speech by Chomsky

A

Degenerant speech is that language cannot be learned bu behavior ….

LAD : language acquisition device … what is inside the mind…. it is inate,,, part of the brain used for language

33
Q

Phonology (sound)

A

verbal language

34
Q

semantics

(Meaning)

A

is with MORPHEMES - smallest units of meaning

ex: Pad & Bad - different meaning

prefixies - pre, anti-, -s

35
Q

Grammar

(forming sentences: rule-based)

A

the rules

syntax

36
Q

Pragmatics

(how we use language in social sttings)

A
  • Can be different from literal meaning
  • ex: can you pass the salf?
  • yes…. but they dont literally pass the salt…

gesture, intonation (tone of voice) facial expressions, setting

  • when we use sarcasm
37
Q

vocabulary spurt

A

approx- 18-24 months

when babies start learning lots of words!

38
Q

Morphology development

A

word ending

  • plural, past tense etc
  • overregularization erroes !!!!
39
Q

the Language milstone

A

• Babbling – beginning between 2 and 12 months
• Gestures & Comprehension of words in context
• “First word” – 10-14 months
Holophrase (e.g., from video – “pancake”)

• “Vocabulary spurt” – approx. 18-24 months
• Telegraphic speech – 24-30 months
Two or three words at a time; simple words

• Morphology development – e.g., word endings
Plural, past tense, etc.
Overregularization errors

• Complete sentences

40
Q

Language Acquisition device

A
  • By a Nativist
  • Noam Chomsky
  • thought it was a cognitive device in the brain
  • humans are born with the instinct or “innate facility” for acquiring language
  • children have significant innate (inborn, natural) knowledge of grammar they would be unable to learn language as quickly as they do, given that they never have access to negative evidence and rarely received direct instruction in their first language.
41
Q

Skinner vs. Chomsky

A

Skinner : A behaiorist

Verval behavior, meaning there should be 2 things

  • immiation : 1) frequency: frequency in adult speech doesnt matsh kid’s 1st word, parents use THE a lot but kids don’t learn that first or use it at the beginning at all! 2) Productivity: brand new forms of laguage- kids make their own way of communicating EX: all gone sticky! - meaning I washed my hands.
  • reinforcement!: NOT ON GRAMMAR BUT IN TRUE VALUE, grammar not learned b/c of reinforcemnt from parents but bc they start attending school. parents just answer questions… they dont correct them.

Chomsky: A Nativist

says that motherese

42
Q

Behaviorist

A

evidence for and against each?

DEALS WITH SKINNER:

Verbal behavior,

FOR: that bc behvaior is learned, so should language,….

against:

imitation (kids don’t talk like parents, and create their own language) and reinforcement (they are nvr reinforced by parents in grammar)

43
Q

nativist

A

evidence for and against each?

Deals with Noam CHOMSKY!!!
came up with the idea of LAD (language acquisition Device)

FOR: that we have a device inside the mind… it is innate (inborn) part of the brain used for language

Against:

44
Q

interactionist theories

A

evidence for and against each?

A combination of inborn abilities and environmental feature

a combo of both!!!!

THE BEST TO FIT !!! bc kids are very active in learning langugage and rpoducing their own new words and sentences

45
Q

Language in animals

A

watched a vide of Tanzy , knows lots of words

-has sematicity or semantics

BUT NOT GENERATIVITY (can recombine words in endless ways to create new meanings)

-they sont just chat t=for the heck of it, only to communicate for personal needs.

46
Q

“home sign”

A

BY Susan Goldin-Meadow

  • Not ASL
  • deaf children of hearing parents (parents can hear)
  • not taught sign
  • they nvr fully develop a fluency on language like Genuie never did :’(
  • Fragile: property of language that have SPECIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL aspects… like the hot-house orchid needs specific environment to grow!!! - environment is crucial
  • Resilience: properity of language that is like WEEDS, will grow no matter what
47
Q

Bilingual language development

advantages and disadvantages?

A

Disadvantages?
• slower to begin speaking, smaller vocabulary
• BUT often they are comparing vocab in English for both monolingual and bilingual! Total words – no difference
• Also need to consider social and political status of second language; US different from most other countries in distrust of bilingualism

• Advantages!
• Longer sensitivity to speech sounds of other languages in infancy
• Better performance at tasks requiring attention, inhibition
—-A not-B error?

—- Switching rules – more flexible

• Better at solving problems that contain conflicting or misleading cues
Why?
• Some argue competition between bilinguals’ two
languages may make them more skilled at coordinating
attention and controlling need to inhibit a response

48
Q

Cultural differences in communication?

A

• ‘Language lessons’

  • Names for objects
  • Known-answer questions(some communities don’t ask Q’s that u already know, in Guate: kids only listen in convos and join once they r ready)
  • middle class US phenomenon? (parents working >?)

• In many cultures children immersed in ongoing talk but
with less direct teaching
- eg Rogoff and colleagues

• Overhearing research (Akhtar) – children learn new word just as easily through overhearing as direct joint attention (kids just pick up language they over hear)

Psyc 1 exam 2 chpt 12, 8, 9 ,13 (6 decks)

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