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biology 2 > study guide final material > Flashcards

study guide final material Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

what type of bacteria is a sphere shape?

A

cocci

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2
Q

what type of bacteria is a rod shape?

A

bacilli

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3
Q

the 3 types of bacteria shapes are…

A

sphere, rods, spirals

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4
Q

what do scientists use to classify bacteria cell wall composition?

A

a gram stain

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5
Q

which gram stain bacteria have large amounts of peptidoglycan?

A

gram-positive

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6
Q

what characteristics (2) describe gram-negative bacteria?

A

have less peptidoglycan AND an outer membrane that contains lipopolysaccharides

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7
Q

(gram-staining) if the outside of a cell is membrane +cell wall + 2nd membrane, then it will stain a color ___, which is gram-____

A

pink; negative

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8
Q

(gram-staining) if the cell wall is on the outside, then it will stain a color ____, which is gram-___

A

dark purple; positive

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9
Q

why is it important for medics to know which antibodies are specific bacterial stains?

A

because some antibodies only work for gram-postive and some only work for gram-negative; many antibodies have difficulty penetrating the outside membrane

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10
Q

define taxis

A

the ability to move toward or away from a stimulus

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11
Q

how does taxis aid bacteria?

A

allows for the spread of bacteria + allows the bacteria to invade the immune system

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12
Q

define positive phototaxis

A

toward the light

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13
Q

define negative phototaxis

A

away from the light

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14
Q

define positive chemotaxis

A

toward a higher concentration of a chemical

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15
Q

define negative chemotaxis

A

towards a lower concentration of a chemical

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16
Q

what’re the 2 possible structures for flagella?

A
  1. may be scattered about the surface
  2. may be concentrated at one/both end of the cell
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17
Q

what is the function of a flagella?

A

used by prokaryotes for movement

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18
Q

define plasmids

A

smaller rings of independently replicating DNA

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19
Q

what 3 factors contribute to genetic diversity?

A

rapid reproduction, mutation, genetic recombination

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20
Q

DNA can be brought together by what 3 factors?

A

transformation, transduction, conjugation

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21
Q

what prokaryotic metabolism requires oxygen for cellular respiration?

A

obligate aerobes

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22
Q

what prokaryotic metabolism is poisoned by oxygen and live by fermentation/use substances other than oxygen for anaerobic repsiration?

A

obligate anaerobes

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23
Q

what prokaryotic metabolism can use oxygen if it is present or carry out fermentation/anaerobic respiration if its not

A

facultative anaerobes

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24
Q

define biofilms (formed colonies)

A

metabolic cooperation between prokaryotic species in surface-coating colonies

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25
define characteristics of proteobacteria (5)
1. gram-negative 2. defined by rRNA 3. anaerobic/aerobic 4. some pathogenic 5. e.coli, rhizobium
26
define characteristics of chlamydias (2)
1. gram-negative 2. mostly parasites that live within animal cells
27
define characteristics of spirochetes (3)
1. helical gram-negative 2. some parasites 3. treponema pallidum (syphilis) + borrelia burgdorferi (lyme disease)
28
define mycoplasmas (2)
smallest known cells + lack cell walls
29
what would happen if prokaryotes were to disappear?
prospects for any other life surviving on earth would dim
30
what major role do prokaryotes play in recycling chemical elements?
they're decomposers = break down dead organisms and waste products
31
define extremophiles
archaea that live in extreme environments
32
define extreme halophiles
live in high saline environments
33
define extreme thermophiles
thrive in very hot environments
34
define symbiosis, what're the two types?
ecological relationship where 2 species live in close contact; parasitism + mutualism
35
define exotoxins
secreted by bacteria to disrupt cell activities + may help to invade tissues
36
define endotoxins
lipopolysaccharides in gram neg are released only when bacteria die and their cell walls break down
37
define fimbriae
help bacteria stick to tissues
38
define capsule
help bacteria from being eaten by the immune system
39
____ help bacteria spread
flagella
40
define metabolically inactive endospores
can remain viable in harsh condition for centuries
41
define fermentation
without the need for oxygen
42
____ is genetically modified to produce human insulin
e. coli
43
define protists
not a plant, not an animal, not a fungi, "produce"
44
most protists are ____ (2)
unicellular + reproduce asexually/sexually
45
define apicomplexans (4)
1. parasites of animals 2. apex contains specialized organelles for penetrating host cells/tissues 3. life cycles require 2+ different hosts 4. plasmodium causes malaria
46
define ciliates (2)
1. use cilia to move/feed 2. most are predators of bacteria/other protists
47
define amoebozoans
1. amoebas with lobe- or tube-shaped pseudopodia 2. like white blood cells
48
what 2 key roles does a protist play?
symbiont + producer
49
what does plasmodium cause?
malaria
50
what is giardia?
most common waterborne disease
51
what're fungi essential for?
recycling vital nutrients; nutrients are absorbed from outside their bodies
52
define decomposers
break down and absorb nutrients from nonliving organic material
53
from whom do parasitic fungi absorb their nutrients?
from living hosts
54
define mutualistic fungi
absorb nutrients from hosts and reciprocate with actions that benefit the host
55
define characteristics of yeast (3)
1. single cells 2. reproduce asexually (pinching of bud cells from parent cells) 3. can grow as filamentous mycelia
56
define characteristics of zygomycetes (2)
1. fast growing molds, parasites, and commensal symbionts 2. life cycle of black bread mold = rhizopus stolonifer
57
define characteristics of ascomycetes (4)
1. marine, freshwater, terrestrial habitat 2. largest phylum 3. plant pathogens, decomposers, symbionts 4. ergot on rye produces toxins (LSD)
58
define characteristics of basidiomycetes
1. mushrooms, puffballs, shelf fungi 2. decomposers of woods 3. form "fairy rings" = rings of mushrooms over night 4. "magic mushrooms" = psychedelic chemicals
59
define fungi as decomposers
perform essential recycling of chemical elements between living and nonliving
60
define fungi as mutualists
absorb nutrients from the host organism + reciprocate with action that benefit the host
61
define fungi as parasites to food crops
some fungi that attack food crops are toxic to humans
62
what're the practical uses of fungi
eat fungi and use it to make cheese, alcoholic, beverages, and bread
63
define human mycoses
ringworm + athletes foot
64
what're the 3 main components of biodiversity?
genetic diversity, species diversity, ecosystem diversity
65
define endangered
one that is in danger of extinction throughout all or much of its range
66
define threatened
is likely to become endangered in the foreseeable future
67
define ecosystem services
encompasses all the process through which natural ecosystems + their species help sustain human life
68
what're examples of ecosystem services (4)
1. purification of water and air 2. detoxify + decompose waste 3. moderation of weather extremes 4. pest control, crop pollination, soil preservation
69
what're the 4 major species threats?
habitat loss/fragmentation, introduced species, over harvesting, global change
70
what's the #1 threat to biodiversity today?
habitat loss/fragmentation
71
define minimum viable population (mvp)
the minimum population size at which species can survive
72
define extinction vortex pathway (6)
small population > inbreeding, genetic drift > loss of genetic variability > lover individual fitness/population adaptability > lower reproduction + higher mortality > smaller population
73
define biological magnification
concentrates toxins at a higher tropic level where biomass is lower

biology 2 (5 decks)

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