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biology 2 > study guide final material > Flashcards

study guide final material Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what type of bacteria is a sphere shape?

A

cocci

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2
Q

what type of bacteria is a rod shape?

A

bacilli

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3
Q

the 3 types of bacteria shapes are…

A

sphere, rods, spirals

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4
Q

what do scientists use to classify bacteria cell wall composition?

A

a gram stain

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5
Q

which gram stain bacteria have large amounts of peptidoglycan?

A

gram-positive

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6
Q

what characteristics (2) describe gram-negative bacteria?

A

have less peptidoglycan AND an outer membrane that contains lipopolysaccharides

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7
Q

(gram-staining) if the outside of a cell is membrane +cell wall + 2nd membrane, then it will stain a color ___, which is gram-____

A

pink; negative

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8
Q

(gram-staining) if the cell wall is on the outside, then it will stain a color ____, which is gram-___

A

dark purple; positive

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9
Q

why is it important for medics to know which antibodies are specific bacterial stains?

A

because some antibodies only work for gram-postive and some only work for gram-negative; many antibodies have difficulty penetrating the outside membrane

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10
Q

define taxis

A

the ability to move toward or away from a stimulus

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11
Q

how does taxis aid bacteria?

A

allows for the spread of bacteria + allows the bacteria to invade the immune system

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12
Q

define positive phototaxis

A

toward the light

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13
Q

define negative phototaxis

A

away from the light

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14
Q

define positive chemotaxis

A

toward a higher concentration of a chemical

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15
Q

define negative chemotaxis

A

towards a lower concentration of a chemical

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16
Q

what’re the 2 possible structures for flagella?

A
  1. may be scattered about the surface
  2. may be concentrated at one/both end of the cell
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17
Q

what is the function of a flagella?

A

used by prokaryotes for movement

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18
Q

define plasmids

A

smaller rings of independently replicating DNA

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19
Q

what 3 factors contribute to genetic diversity?

A

rapid reproduction, mutation, genetic recombination

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20
Q

DNA can be brought together by what 3 factors?

A

transformation, transduction, conjugation

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21
Q

what prokaryotic metabolism requires oxygen for cellular respiration?

A

obligate aerobes

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22
Q

what prokaryotic metabolism is poisoned by oxygen and live by fermentation/use substances other than oxygen for anaerobic repsiration?

A

obligate anaerobes

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23
Q

what prokaryotic metabolism can use oxygen if it is present or carry out fermentation/anaerobic respiration if its not

A

facultative anaerobes

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24
Q

define biofilms (formed colonies)

A

metabolic cooperation between prokaryotic species in surface-coating colonies

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25
Q

define characteristics of proteobacteria (5)

A
  1. gram-negative
  2. defined by rRNA
  3. anaerobic/aerobic
  4. some pathogenic
  5. e.coli, rhizobium
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26
Q

define characteristics of chlamydias (2)

A
  1. gram-negative
  2. mostly parasites that live within animal cells
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27
Q

define characteristics of spirochetes (3)

A
  1. helical gram-negative
  2. some parasites
  3. treponema pallidum (syphilis) + borrelia burgdorferi (lyme disease)
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28
Q

define mycoplasmas (2)

A

smallest known cells + lack cell walls

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29
Q

what would happen if prokaryotes were to disappear?

A

prospects for any other life surviving on earth would dim

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30
Q

what major role do prokaryotes play in recycling chemical elements?

A

they’re decomposers = break down dead organisms and waste products

31
Q

define extremophiles

A

archaea that live in extreme environments

32
Q

define extreme halophiles

A

live in high saline environments

33
Q

define extreme thermophiles

A

thrive in very hot environments

34
Q

define symbiosis, what’re the two types?

A

ecological relationship where 2 species live in close contact; parasitism + mutualism

35
Q

define exotoxins

A

secreted by bacteria to disrupt cell activities + may help to invade tissues

36
Q

define endotoxins

A

lipopolysaccharides in gram neg are released only when bacteria die and their cell walls break down

37
Q

define fimbriae

A

help bacteria stick to tissues

38
Q

define capsule

A

help bacteria from being eaten by the immune system

39
Q

____ help bacteria spread

A

flagella

40
Q

define metabolically inactive endospores

A

can remain viable in harsh condition for centuries

41
Q

define fermentation

A

without the need for oxygen

42
Q

____ is genetically modified to produce human insulin

A

e. coli

43
Q

define protists

A

not a plant, not an animal, not a fungi,
“produce”

44
Q

most protists are ____ (2)

A

unicellular + reproduce asexually/sexually

45
Q

define apicomplexans (4)

A
  1. parasites of animals
  2. apex contains specialized organelles for penetrating host cells/tissues
  3. life cycles require 2+ different hosts
  4. plasmodium causes malaria
46
Q

define ciliates (2)

A
  1. use cilia to move/feed
  2. most are predators of bacteria/other protists
47
Q

define amoebozoans

A
  1. amoebas with lobe- or tube-shaped pseudopodia
  2. like white blood cells
48
Q

what 2 key roles does a protist play?

A

symbiont + producer

49
Q

what does plasmodium cause?

A

malaria

50
Q

what is giardia?

A

most common waterborne disease

51
Q

what’re fungi essential for?

A

recycling vital nutrients; nutrients are absorbed from outside their bodies

52
Q

define decomposers

A

break down and absorb nutrients from nonliving organic material

53
Q

from whom do parasitic fungi absorb their nutrients?

A

from living hosts

54
Q

define mutualistic fungi

A

absorb nutrients from hosts and reciprocate with actions that benefit the host

55
Q

define characteristics of yeast (3)

A
  1. single cells
  2. reproduce asexually (pinching of bud cells from parent cells)
  3. can grow as filamentous mycelia
56
Q

define characteristics of zygomycetes (2)

A
  1. fast growing molds, parasites, and commensal symbionts
  2. life cycle of black bread mold = rhizopus stolonifer
57
Q

define characteristics of ascomycetes (4)

A
  1. marine, freshwater, terrestrial habitat
  2. largest phylum
  3. plant pathogens, decomposers, symbionts
  4. ergot on rye produces toxins (LSD)
58
Q

define characteristics of basidiomycetes

A
  1. mushrooms, puffballs, shelf fungi
  2. decomposers of woods
  3. form “fairy rings” = rings of mushrooms over night
  4. “magic mushrooms” = psychedelic chemicals
59
Q

define fungi as decomposers

A

perform essential recycling of chemical elements between living and nonliving

60
Q

define fungi as mutualists

A

absorb nutrients from the host organism + reciprocate with action that benefit the host

61
Q

define fungi as parasites to food crops

A

some fungi that attack food crops are toxic to humans

62
Q

what’re the practical uses of fungi

A

eat fungi and use it to make cheese, alcoholic, beverages, and bread

63
Q

define human mycoses

A

ringworm + athletes foot

64
Q

what’re the 3 main components of biodiversity?

A

genetic diversity, species diversity, ecosystem diversity

65
Q

define endangered

A

one that is in danger of extinction throughout all or much of its range

66
Q

define threatened

A

is likely to become endangered in the foreseeable future

67
Q

define ecosystem services

A

encompasses all the process through which natural ecosystems + their species help sustain human life

68
Q

what’re examples of ecosystem services (4)

A
  1. purification of water and air
  2. detoxify + decompose waste
  3. moderation of weather extremes
  4. pest control, crop pollination, soil preservation
69
Q

what’re the 4 major species threats?

A

habitat loss/fragmentation, introduced species, over harvesting, global change

70
Q

what’s the #1 threat to biodiversity today?

A

habitat loss/fragmentation

71
Q

define minimum viable population (mvp)

A

the minimum population size at which species can survive

72
Q

define extinction vortex pathway (6)

A

small population > inbreeding, genetic drift > loss of genetic variability > lover individual fitness/population adaptability > lower reproduction + higher mortality > smaller population

73
Q

define biological magnification

A

concentrates toxins at a higher tropic level where biomass is lower

biology 2 (5 decks)

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