Study Guide: Chapter 5

Question 1

describe diffusion

Answer 1

The random movement of particles that results in the net movement of a substance down its concentration gradient from a region where it is more concentrated to region where it is less concentrated. For example; oxygen can diffuse through cell membranes so long as there is a higher concentration of oxygen outside the cell.

Question 2

describe osmosis

Answer 2

The diffusion of free water across a selectively permeable membrane. Aquaporin allows the movement of water in cell. Movement of water until concentration is same.

Question 3

Isotonic

Answer 3

Referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, causes no net movement of water into or out of the cell

Question 4

Hypertonic

Answer 4

Referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to lose water (shrivels). Higher solution levels outside surrounding the cell causes the cell to shrivel or die, water is released from the cell

Question 5

Hypotonic

Answer 5

Referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to take up water (swell). A solution that with a solute concentration lower than that of the cell. The cell gains water, swells, and may burst (lyse) like an overfilled balloon.

Question 6

Simple Diffusion

Answer 6

Random motion of molecules until equally distributes, no energy!!

Question 7

Facilitated Diffusion

Answer 7

The passage of a substance through a specific transport protein across a biological membrane down its concentration gradient. (no energy needed)

Question 8

Active Transport

Answer 8

The movement of a membrane across a biological membrane against its concentration gradient, aided by specific transport proteins and requiring an input of energy (often as ATP)

Question 9

Exocytosis

Answer 9

The movement of materials out of a cell by the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane. Exports bulky materials like polysaccharides or proteins. (exo outside)

Question 10

Endocytosis

Answer 10

Cellular uptake of molecules or particles via formation of new vesicles from the plasma membrane. Transport processes where a cell takes in two large more molecules or droplets of fluid (endo inside)
Ex. Phagocytosis- form of endocytosis but the thing being let in in big food particle or something

Question 11

Endergonic chemical reaction

Answer 11

an energy-requiring chemical reaction, which yields products with more potential energy than the reactants

Question 12

Exergonic chemical reaction

Answer 12

an energy-releasing chemical reaction, in which the reactants contain more potential energy than the products

Question 13

describe how ATP sends its energy to different chemical types of chemical reactions

Answer 13

Atp donates energy thought the transfer of a phosphoric group. Atp sends energy through hydrolysis reaction
ATP+H2O⇋ADP+Pi+energy
Reaction coupling, atp and endergonic

Question 14

coenzyme

Answer 14

An organic molecule serving as a cofactor. Most vitamins function as coenzymes in important metabolic reactions

Question 15

Competitive inhibitor

Answer 15

reduces an enzymes productivity by blocking substrate molecules from entering the active site

Question 16

Noncompetitive inhibitor

Answer 16

does not enter the active site. Instead it binds to a site elsewhere on the enzyme, and its binding changes the enzymes shape so that the active sire no longer fits the substrate

Question 17

Feedback inhibition

Answer 17

if a cell is producing more of that product that it needs, the product may act as in inhibitor of one of the enzymes early in the pathway. Because only weak interactions bind inhibitor and enzyme, this inhibition is reversible.

Question 18

ex. enzyme inhabitation

Answer 18

Ibuprofen- common drug that inhibits enzyme involved in the production pf prostaglandins, messenger molecules released in response to injury

protease inhibitors - are HIV drugs that target key viral enzymes.

Question 19

passive transport

Answer 19

no energy

Question 20

active transport

Answer 20

needs energy moves solute against the concentration gradient