Study Guide Chapter 22 Metabolism And Glucose Regulation

Question 1

Metabolism

Answer 1

The sum of all chemical reactions in the body

Question 2

Anabolic/catabolic

Answer 2

Anabolic: build large from small catabolic: break down large into small

Question 3

Pathways

Answer 3

Directly or indirectly

Question 4

Energy balance

Answer 4

Energy and is equal to energy out or you will gain or lose weight

Question 5

Glycogen

Answer 5

Storage of carbs and muscle tissue

Question 6

Two states of metabolism

Answer 6

Fed state & fasted state

Question 7

Fed state

Answer 7

absorptive state just eaten building molecules

Question 8

Fasted state

Answer 8

Post absorptive breaking down glycogen/fat

Question 9

Glycogenesis

Answer 9

Synthesis of glycogen

Question 10

Lipogenesis

Answer 10

Synthesis of lipid builds fat

Question 11

Glycogenolysis

Answer 11

Breaking down of glycogen

Question 12

Glyconeogenesis

Answer 12

Synthesis of new glucose from other molecules example amino acids

Question 13

Push pull control

Answer 13

Metabolism is controlled by push pull can work equally or unequally.

Question 14

Polyphagia

Answer 14

Over eating

Question 15

Osmotic diuresis

Answer 15

Loss of water in urine due to reabsorbed salutes by PCT in nephrons

Question 16

Polyuria

Answer 16

Excess urinating

Question 17

Glucosuria

Answer 17

Glucose in urine

Question 18

Polydipsia

Answer 18

Excessive drinking

Question 19

Metabolic acidosis

Answer 19

Caused by anaerobic metabolism and in type one diabetic‘s produce Keytone bodies

Question 20

Keto acidosis

Answer 20

Proteins/fat metabolism: related to weight loss and leading to keto acidosis

Question 21

Keytone bodies

Answer 21

Conversion of excess fatty acids formed in fat metabolism. Signs include high ventilation rate, urine acidification, hyperkalemia ( high potassium and blood)

Question 22

Describe methods for measuring metabolism metabolic rate. What factors influence metabolism

Answer 22

Factors that influence metabolism: age, sex, activity, lean muscle mass, diet, genetics, hormones. Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions in the body the anabolic and catabolic pathways, synthesize and breakdown of molecules. Measured indirectly by calorimetry example O2 consumption or CO2 production. Directly measured through bomb Calometry, food caloric values an amount of heat produced when burned is measured

Question 23

Describe the overall metabolic process occurring during fed state. Including insulin and glucagon whole body glucose regulation

Answer 23

A.k.a. observant of state: follows meal when molecules from food are absorbed and undergo anabolic pathways to build high energy compounds or store them. Whole body glucose goes up, insulin goes up, glucagon goes down, Glycogenesis goes up glycogenolysis goes down, glycogen synthesis.
**white board **

Question 24

Describe the overall metabolic process occurring during fasted state. In particular explain the roles of insulin glucagon and whole body glucose regulation

Answer 24

A.k.a. post absorptive state:. When nutrients from food are not available and body uses catabolic pathways to break down start molecules for energy. Whole body glucose goes down, insulin goes down, glucagon goes up, GlycoGenesis goes down, glycogenolysis goes up, glucose synthesis
white board

Question 25

Listen describe the cellular make up of pancreatic islets of Langerhans

Answer 25

1) Beta cells 75% produce insulin, 2) alpha cells 20% produce glucagon, 3) d cells produce somatostatin decrease gastrin secretion in stomach, 4) PP cells aka F cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide function not clearly understood

Question 26

List and describe the cellular actions of insulin

Answer 26

- Glucose oxidation goes up glycolysis cellular respiration ATP is produced. - glycogenesis goes up  - Lipogenesis goes up - Proteins synthesis goes up

Question 27

Listen describe the cellular actions of glucagon

Answer 27

- Glycogenolysis goes up -gluconeogenesis goes up | - Ketogenisis goes up (break down of protein)

Question 28

Explain the normal presence/ratio of insulin and glucagon on glucose regulation

Answer 28

Varying ratio. 90 mg/dL fasted plasma glucose. 140 mg/dL after meal plasma glucose. Insulin secreted when glucose is greater than 100 mg/dL by beta cells

Question 29

List and describe the processes involved with insulin secretion. Which cells produce/secrete insulin and what are the target sells?’s which sell ask independently of insulin to take up Glucose

Answer 29

1) Plasma glucose greater than 100 mg/dL 2) Increase plasma amino acid 3) Feed forward affect of G.I. hormone released by small intestine or other anticipation of glucose surge 4) ANS: sympathetic/parasympathetic activity prevent or stimulate secretion. Secretion by beta cells primary target for insulin are liver cells Hepatocytes, adipose issue, skeletal muscle. small intestine act independently will take up glucose as well as brain

Question 30

List and describe the mechanistic, molecular level actions of glucose regulation by insulin compare these actions between adipose skeletal and hepatic tissue

Answer 30

Both Happen via Tyrone kinase receptor enzyme pathways | * individual slides for each

Question 31

Adipose/resting skeletal muscle glucose regulation by insulin

Answer 31

Happens via Tyrone kinase receptor enzyme pathway. direct insulin binds to Tyron kinase receptor, signal transduction cascade starts. Intracellular GLU4 transporters are inserted into cell membrane via exocytosis. Glucose enters cell via facilitated diffusion, down concentration gradient.

Question 32

Hepatic tissue glucose regulation by insulin

Answer 32

Happens via tyrosine kinase receptor enzyme pathway. Indirect liver cells. GLUT 2 transporter reside in cell membrane transporting glucose into plasma. Insulin binds to Tyrosine kinase receptor, signal transduction cascade starts. Signal cascade activates hecto kinase, which converts intracellular glucose to G6P keeping glucose low and extra cellular glucose diffuses into the cell

Question 33

List and describe the processes involved with glucagon secretion. Which cells produce/secrete glucagon and what are the target cells 

Answer 33

1) Plasma glucose drops below 100 mg/dL 2) plasma amino acids go up (which is weird the same signal from insulin secretion) * so Pro Tien meal would still stimulate the release of glucose. 3) Secretion is modulated by insulin and glucose uptake By alpha cells. Target cells for glucagon are liver hepatocytes

Question 34

List the four effects of glucagon

Answer 34

1) increase blood glucose via glycogenolysis 75% 2) Increase blood glucose via glyconeogenesis 25% 3) Increase Gene expression of glyconeogenesis proteins 4) Increase Lipo licenses for keto neogenesis ( ketones for brain function)

Question 35

List and describe the Mechanistic, molecular level actions of glucose regulation by glucagon

Answer 35

Glucagon increase his plasma glucose mechanistically at a molecular level through GPCR adenylyl cyclase CAMP system. 1) Glucagon binds with receptor G Pro Tien activated, moves to adenylyl cyclase, activates it ,and AC converts ATP to cAMP 2) Camp amplifies a signal by activating PKA, activation of enzyme for glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis and inhibition of enzymes for glycogenesis and glycolysis

Question 36

Describe diabetes mellitus in general terms and specify forms of DM. What is the prevalence in the US and what are the main causes?

Answer 36

A family of metabolic disease is associated with pancreatic and a cream puff theology. Estimated to affect 9.3% of US population with 37% Of the population affected with pre-diabetes. Primary linked to sedentary lifestyle, over eating and obesity. Characterized by hyperglycemia can affect blood vessels eyes kidneys and nervous system. Type one diabetes 10% of cases insulin deficiency do the distraction of beta cells by the immune system. Type two diabetes 90% of cases insulin resistant, insulin is released by receptors are desensitize due to constant presence of insulin. Later and disease may become dependent on insulin injection

Question 37

Listen describe the signs and symptoms and diagnostic test of diabetes. What are considered normal, pre-diabetic, and diabetic glucose levels for each test

Answer 37

Signs and symptoms: thirst, constant urination, weight loss. Diagnosis has two methods. Neither can distinguish the form of DM. 1) Testing plasma glucose levels after eight hour fasting, normal glucose levels are less than 100 mg/dL, pre-diabetes are 100 to 125 mg/dL, diabetes levels are 125 mg/dL. 2) Glucose tolerance test: I personally drink solution of 75 g of dissolved glucose, plasma glucose is measured every 30 minutes for two hours. Normal levels are less than 140 mg/dL‘s after two hours, pre-diabetes are 140 to 199 mg/dL, diabetes are greater than 199 mg/dL

Question 38

Describing him for the detailed causes and symptoms of type one and type two diabetes. What treatments are available for each

Answer 38

Type of one: genetically linked or sometimes caused by viral infection, person is reliant upon insulin injections, without insulin cells go into facet state metabolism. Type 2 : Usually a thing to obesity, with some genetic overlap and age relation, growing frequently among children and adolescents. Person cells are typically insulin resistant due to the sensitization of receptors but may also have decreased insulin secretion, leading to hyperglycemia but also rise glucagon secretion by insulin desensitization. Symptoms may not be as severe as type one, but lied to atherosclerosis, renal failure, blindness last day from cardiovascular disease. Treatment as their lifestyle change exercise and diet also drugs