Study Guide Ch. 2 Molecular Interactions

Question 1

solution/aqueous solution

Answer 1

A solution as a mixture of two or more solutes dissolved into a solvent. Aqueous solution is a solution with water as solvent.

Question 2

Ionic / covalent bonds

Answer 2

Chemical bonds

Question 3

Hydrogen bonds

Answer 3

Interaction between two hydrogen molecules

Question 4

Polar/non-polar

Answer 4

Soluble/insoluble

Question 5

Hydrophilic/hydrophobic

Answer 5

Hydrophilic:Love water; ionic compounds example salts a polar molecule glucose polar molecule can dissolve into polar water.
Hydrophobic: Nonpolar molecules do not dissolve in water phospholipids both phobic and philic 

Question 6

Logarithmic

Answer 6

Opposite of exponent example pH scale increases or decreases by tenfold example pH three is 10 times more acidic then pH four

Question 7

Acidosis and alkalosis

Answer 7

Acidosis: low pH acidic less than 7.35 alkalosis: high pH more basic greater than 7.45

Question 8

Buffer

Answer 8

Substance that maintain a constant pH over a given range by neutralizing the effects of hydrogen ions

Question 9

Monomer/polymer

Answer 9

Polymer: long chain of molecules made of monomers.
Monomer: small single molecule

Question 10

Ligand

Answer 10

Molecule that binds to site

Question 11

Binding site

Answer 11

Specific part of enzyme that ligand fits to

Question 12

Competition

Answer 12

Agonist/antagonist compete for binding site example oxygen and carbon monoxide compete to bind to hemoglobin carbon monoxide has a higher affinity

Question 13

Explain the pH scale And factors that influence pH. What is the normal range of blood pH and why is it so narrow? What are some sources of pH changes in the body and what molecules help stabilize blood pH

Answer 13

1/log: [H+] ^ = drop pH
Blood pH: 7.4+ or -0.05 a small change is a significant change in hydrogen (because of logarithm)if that is too high or too low and pH hemoglobin unfolds and teenagers it’s maintain to buffers and mechanisms in Renal and respiratory systems. 
Sources of hydration: water dissolved metabolic reactions Molecules bicarbonate

Question 14

Explain the difference between organic and in organic molecules and list examples of each in the body

Answer 14

Organic molecules: carbon bound to hydrogen and usually oxygen by covalent bond 90% of mass.

CH4, C6H12O6, (organic)
CO2 (inorganic)

Question 15

Describe the general characteristics of lipids. List the three major types of lipids characteristics and function in the body

Answer 15

Aka fats , mostly carbon and hydrogen with some oxygen. hydrogen is much greater than carbon; nonpolar insoluble.

• glycerides a.k.a. triglycerides (oils & fats ) glycerol head with fatty acid tail lots of covalent bonds.
• steroids aka sterols, Four fused carbon rings with different functional groups example cholesterol testosterone and estrogen.
• phospholipids: glycerol head with fatty acid tail. Bilayer of cell membrane.

Question 16

Describe the general characteristics of carbohydrates. Let’s the three major types of carbohydrates, the characteristics, and their functions in the body

Answer 16

• monosaccharides: 5 to 6 C rings glucose/Ribose/fructose easily used for energy polar covalent soluble. (CnH2nOn) formula
• Disaccharides: to monosaccharides together sucrose maltose lactose
• Polysaccharide: greater than two monosaccharides starch cellulose glycogen used for energy storage.

Question 17

Describe the general characteristics of proteins and their functions in the body. Explain characteristics of proteins in terms of their interaction with other molecules. Explain ways that a proteins affinity may be altered and provide examples. What limits exist on proteins reacting with their ligands

Answer 17

Proteins: polymer 100 to 1000 of amino acids monomer amino acids have four components: carboxyl group, central carbon, amino group and R group, R group is unique properties.
Function: enzymes, receptors, transmembrane transporter, structural
Characteristics: interact with other molecules at binding site very specific binding described as induced fit model
** draw on whiteboard **

Question 18

Describe the general characteristics of nucleotides. Provide examples from the two major groups of nucleotides and their functions in the body

Answer 18

Exist as a monomer or polymer. Polymers : are DNA and RNA that transfer in store genetic information. Monomers : transfer energy for a chemical signal (ATP, ADP, CAMP) Carry electrons NAD+ > electron transfer.
1+ phosphate groups attached to five carbon sugar and nitrogen base.

** draw on whiteboard **