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1
Q

How does puberty influence identity development?

A

Adolescents are changing dramatically on the outside, they understandably have questions about changes that are taking place on the inside

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2
Q

What are possible selves?

A

The various identities an adolescent might imagine for him or herself

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3
Q

What do possible selves stimulate?

A

heightened self-consciousness and experimentation with different identities

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4
Q

What is the term for “the extent to which an individual is able to and inclind to think about the potential consequences of decisions and choices”?

A

Future orientation

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5
Q

Teens who have a stronger future orientation have…?

A
  • better mental health
  • less risky behavior
  • less delinquency
  • less impulsive behavior
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6
Q

What is the term for “The collection of traits and attributes that individuals use to describe or characterize themselves”?

A

self-conceptions

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7
Q

What is self-esteem?

A

The degree to which individuals feel positively or negatively about themselves

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8
Q

What is sense of identity?

A

The extent to which individuals feel secure about who they are and who they are becoming

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9
Q

What is differentiation in teens?

A

when teens are more likely to describe what they are like in different situations rather than overall generalization

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10
Q

How is organization in adolescence?

A
  • Teens are likely to organize and integrate different aspects of their self-concept into a more logical, coherent whole
  • Teens will attempt to group what appear to be discrepant bits of info into more highly organized statements
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11
Q

What is false-self behavior?

A

Behavior that intentionally presents a false impression to others

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12
Q

when do teens engage in false-self behavior?

A
  • Teens are most likely to behave inauthentically in romantic situations and with classmates
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13
Q

Teens who report less emotional support from parents and peers have low…..

A

self-esteem

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14
Q

What are is the 5 factor model of personality?

A
  • extraversion
    -agreeableness
  • conscientious
  • neuroticism
  • openness to experience
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15
Q

What does neurotism refer to?

A

how anxious or tense a person is

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16
Q

What is the term for when teens worry about their self-image?

A

self-consciousness

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17
Q

What is self-image stability?

A

how much teens self-image changes from day to day

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18
Q

What race has a higher self-esteem?

A

black girls have a higher self-esteem and less of a decline in self-esteem over adolescence

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19
Q

What is autonomy?

A

The psychological domain concerning the development and expression of independence

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20
Q

What does puberty have to do with autonomy?

A
  • Triggers changes in young person’s emotional relationships are home
  • Turns away from emotional support from parents towards peers
  • Drives teen away from exclusive emotional dependence on the family
  • Changes in stature and physical appearance at puberty may provoke changes in how much autonomy the young person is granted by parents and teachers
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21
Q

What are the associations between cognitive change and the development of autonomy?

A

Important prerequisites to the development of a system of values based on one’s own sense of right and wrong, not just on rules and regulations handed down by parents or other authority figures

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22
Q

How do social roles influence the development of autonomy?

A
  • Social roles and activities during adolescence are bound to raise concerns related to independence, as the teen moves into new positions that demand increasing degrees of responsibility and self-reliance
  • New roles place the teen in situations that require and stimulate the independent decision making
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23
Q

What are the 3 types of autonomy?

A
  • emotional
  • behavioral
  • cognitive
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24
Q

What is emotional autonomy?

A

The establishment of more adultlike and less childish close relationships with family members and peers

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25
What is behavioral autonomy?
The capacity to make independent decisions and to follow through with them
26
What is cognitive autonomy?
The establishment of an independent set of values, opinions, and beliefs
27
What is detachment?
In psychoanalytic theory, the process through which adolescents sever emotional attachments to their parents or other authority figures
28
What is individuation?
The progressive sharpening of an individual’s sense of being an autonomous, independent person
29
When does individuation begin?
during infancy and continues into late adolescence, involves a gradual, progressive sharpening of one’s sense of self as autonomous, competent, and separate from one’s parents
30
How does the parent-child relationship change during individuation ?
It entails relinquishing childish dependencies on parents in favor of a more mature, more responsible, and less dependent relationship
31
Teens who establish a healthy sense of autonomy accept what...
responsibility for their choices and actions
32
Why is maintaining relationships with parents important when being autonomous?
it makes you psychologically healthier
33
What are the two general processes of individuation?
-puberty is the main catalyst - stimulated by their cognitive development
34
Why do people think that puberty is the main catalyst of individuation ?
Changes in physical appearance provoke changes in the way that adolescents are viewed which provokes changes in ways they interact with parents
35
Why do others believe that individuation is stimulated by their cognitive development?
The development of emotional autonomy in adolescence may be provoked by young people’s development of more sophisticated understandings of themselves and their parents
36
What is psychological control?
Parenting that attempts to control the adolescents emotions and opinions
37
What does psychological control lead to?
- Children who have difficulty individuating from them - Have depression, anxiety, aggression, and feelings of incompetence and dependence - Less psychologically mature and well-like during mid-adolescence
38
What do enhanced role-taking capabilities permit individuals to do?
Permits teens to consider another person’s opinion while taking into account that person’s point of view
39
How do the new decision-making abilities change teens?
Teens become more likely to consider both the risks and benefits associated with the decisions they make and more likely to weigh the long-term consequences of their choices
40
T or F: development varies across the cultures
true
41
which race has earlier expectations for adolescent autonomy?
white indiviudals
42
What is increased autonomy strongly assoicated with emotion wise?
- better emotional functioning among american youth
43
What is the first trend in cognitive autonomy development?
Adolescents become increasingly abstract in the way they think about moral, political, and religious issues
44
What is the 2nd trend in cognitive autonomy development?
During adolescence, beliefs become increasingly rooted in general principles
45
What is the 3rd trend in cognitive autonomy development?
Beliefs become increasingly founded in the young person’s own values, not merely in a system of values passed on by their parents or other authority figures
46
What is prosocial behavior?
Behaviors intended to help others
47
What does moral reasoning emphasize?
shifts in the type of reasoning that individuals use in making moral decisions rather than changes in the content of the decisions they reach or the actions they take as a result
48
What are the 3 stages of moral reasoning?
- pre conventional - conventional post-conventional
49
What is preconventional moral reasoning
- Typical of children and is characterized by reasoning that is based on rewards and punishments associated with different courses of action
50
When is preconventional moral reasoning the most dominant?
early childhood -1st level
51
What is the 2nd level to moral reasoning?
Conventional moral reasoning
52
What is the conventional moral reasoning?
Characterized by reasoning that is based on the rules and conventions of society
53
When does the conventional moral reasoning occur?
late childhood and early adolesc
54
What is the last moral reasoning ?
Postconventional
55
what is psotconventional moral reasoning?
During which society’s rules and conventions are seen as relative and subjective rather than as authoritative
56
Who is more prosocial girls or boys?
girls because parents emphasize more time teaching them it
57
What is civic engagement?
- involvement in political and community affairs - Participation in conventional and alternative political activities - Engaging in community service
58
What is service learning?
The process of learning through involvement in community service
59
What are some changes in political thinking?
- Becomes more abstract - Political thinking during adolescence becomes less authoritarian and less rigid - People often develop a roughly coherent and consistent set of attitudes that does not appear before this age and that is based on a set of overarching principle
60
What is religiosity?
-The degree to which one engages in religious practices
61
What is spirituality ?
The degree to which one places importance on the quest for answers to questions about God and the meaning of life
62
What is more important for identity development? (religiosity or spirituality)
Religiosity because it involves identification with a particular religious group
63
Teens who are more religious tend to be more?
- adjusted -less depressed - Less likely to have premarital sex - Less likely to use drugs - Less likely to engage in delinquency
64

Psych 320 Exam 3 (8 decks)

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