study guide Flashcards
behavioral health (def’n)
“a state of emotional/mental well-being and/or choices and actions that affect health and wellness”
used to describe the service systems surrounding the promotion of mental health, the prevention and treatment of mental health disorders and substance use disorders, and recovery support
behavioral issues include but are
not limited to ________________
- Substance misuse
- Alcohol and drug addiction
- Mental health disorders and substance use disorders
- Serious psychological distress
- Suicide
The _________________ and ____________________ co-exist and influence the field of prevention in behavioral health
public health approach and Behavioral Health Continuum of Care
Key Characteristics of Public Health Approach
Promotion and prevention – The focus is on promoting wellness and preventing problems.
* Population-based – The focus is not on one individual but on the population that is affected and that is at risk.
* Risk and protective factors – These are the factors that influence the problem.
* Multiple contexts – Understands that the individual is influenced by different environments, such as the family, neighborhood, school, community, culture, and society.
* Developmental perspective – Considers the developmental stage of life of the populations at risk (e.g. adolescence, older adults)
* Planning process – Public health utilizes a deliberate, active, and ongoing planning process.
Social Determinants of Health (Def’n)
the conditions in which people are born, grow, work, live, and age, and the wider set of forces and systems shaping the conditions of daily life.
What are the domains of social determinants of health?
- Access and quality of Education
- Access and quality of Health Care
- Neighborhood and Built Environment (where someone lives, works, plays, etc)
- Social and Community Context
- Economic Stability
What questions does the public health approach ask in developing prevention intervention and strategies?
What substance misuse and other behavioral health problems need to be addressed?
Who will the interventions focus on—the entire population or a specific population group?
When in the lifespan—at what specific developmental stage—is the population group that the interventions focus on? (e.g., adolescence, young adulthood)
Where should the interventions take place?
Why are these problems occurring? This refers to the risk and protective factors that contribute to the problems.
How do we do effective prevention? This refers to a planning process—the Strategic Prevention Framework—that will be used to determine what interventions will be most effective for a specific population group.
Prevention needs to take place in ____________________
multiple contexts that influence health and where risk and protective factors can be found—in individuals, families, communities, and society.
Recovery (def’n)
process of change through which individuals improve their health and wellness, live a self-directed life, and strive to reach their full potential.
Wellness (def’n)
not merely the absence of disease, illness, and stress, but the presence of purpose in life, active involvement in satisfying work and play, joyful relationships, a healthy body and living environment, and happiness.
What are the 8 dimensions of wellness?
Emotional
Financial
Social
Spiritual
Occupational
Physical
Intellectual
Environmental
According to ________________ , there are how many dimensions to wellness?
SAMHSA (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration) states 8 dimensions of wellness
History of Substance Misuse SITUATION and prevention STRATEGIES being used: 1950s
NATIONAL SITUATION - Drug use intensified. Heroin addiction alone hit an all-time high, particularly in urban areas.
PREVENTION STRATEGY - Scare tactics through films and speakers
History of Substance Misuse SITUATION and prevention STRATEGIES being used: 1960s
NATIONAL SITUATION - People began using drugs to have psychedelic experiences. Drug use was associated with the counterculture. By the end of the decade drug use was considered a national epidemic.
PREVENTION STRATEGY - Scare tactics through films and speakers; information about substance use through films and speakers
History of Substance Misuse SITUATION and prevention STRATEGIES being used: 1970s
NATIONAL SITUATION -
Alcohol and drug misuse were recognized as major public health problems. The War on Drugs campaign was developed to reduce illegal drug trade. Throughout the decade, society grew more tolerant of drug use.
PREVENTION STRATEGIES - Drug education using curricula based on factual information; affective education using curricula based on communication, decision-making, values clarification, and self-esteem
History of Substance Misuse SITUATION and prevention STRATEGIES being used: 1980s
NATIONAL SITUATION - “Just Say No” campaign, part of the War on Drug effort, encouraged youth to resist peer pressure by saying “no.” Partnerships developed as the public became increasingly involved in addressing the problems of substance misuse.
PREVENTION STRATEGIES - Parent-formed organizations to combat drug use; social skills curricula, refusal skills training and parenting education
History of Substance Misuse SITUATION and prevention STRATEGIES being used: 1990s
NATIONAL SITUATION - Research examined the factors that protect people or put them at risk for a variety of problems, including alcohol and drug use. The value of professionalism and training in this area grew.
Community coalitions received funding to address alcohol and drug misuse problems.
PREVENTION STRATEGIES - Community-based approaches to prevention; environmental approaches; media campaigns; culturally sensitive programs; evaluation of prevention programs; professional training programs
History of Substance Misuse SITUATION and prevention STRATEGIES being used: 2000-2010
NATIONAL SITUATION - Understanding of the connections between substance misuse and mental health disorders/health evolved. “Behavioral health” encompassed both substance use and mental health problems.
PREVENTION STRATEGIES - Application of evidence-based models; comprehensive programs targeting many contexts (family, school, community); data- driven decision- making through a strategic planning process
History of Substance Misuse SITUATION and prevention STRATEGIES being used: 2010 - present
NATIONAL SITUATION - Greater emphasis is placed on prevention and treatment for everyone. Behavioral health was integrated with primary care under the Affordable Care Act of 2010. Increased prescription of opioid medications resulting from misinformation spread by pharmaceutical companies starting in the late 90s led to widespread opioid misuse, and in 2017, the opioid crisis was declared a public health emergency. The COVID-19 pandemic and spread of highly potent synthetic opioids containing fentanyl have contributed to the most significant substance use and overdose epidemic ever faced in the U.S.
PREVENTION STRATEGIES - Use of evidence-based practices; strategic planning process; improved access to health insurance with better benefits for mental health and substance misuse treatment and support.
Expansion of harm reduction approaches* to prevent death, injury, disease, overdose, and other harms associated with substance use/misuse and mitigate the impacts of the overdose epidemic.
Risk Factors (def’n)
certain biological, psychological, family, community, or cultural characteristics that precede and are associated with a higher likelihood of behavioral health problems
Protective Factors (def’n)
characteristics at the individual, family, or community level that are associated with a lower likelihood of problem outcomes
Socio-Ecological Model (def’n)
a multi-level framework that considers the different contexts in which risk and protective factors exist, including the Individual level, the Relationship level, the Community level and the Societal level
allows us to look at how the different levels/contexts interact with each other and choose prevention strategies that operate at multiple levels for the greatest impact
In prevention, it is important to address the constellation of factors across what levels of the Socio-Ecological model?
All/most levels (individual, relationship, community, and societal) in order to influence individuals, targeted populations, and general population
What does the Developmental Perspective consider and look at?
considers the developmental stage of life of the individuals that are the focus of interventions to improve health and prevent disease
looks at risk and protective factors and their potential consequences and benefits according to defined developmental periods.
Why is it important to understand the developmental perspective in substance misuse prevention?
● Interventions should be appropriate for the specific developmental stage of the population that they focus on.
● Prevention efforts that are aligned with key periods in young peoples’ development are most likely to produce the desired, long-term positive effects.
● People are more vulnerable to substance misuse and other behavioral health problems when they have experienced untreated, unresolved trauma.
Social Development Model
looks at the factors and contexts that contribute to the development of prosocial and antisocial behavior in children and adolescents
suggests that multilevel developmental influences, such as key contexts (family, school, and community), the child’s social and emotional skills, and the parenting skills of the child’s caregivers, as well as the strength and quality of the child’s social attachments, all jointly influence whether or not the young person engages in behaviors such as drug use or delinquency
The Stages of Change Model describes _____________
the process people go through in modifying a problem behavior.
What are the 5 stages of change according to the Stages of Change model?
- Pre-contemplation
- Contemplation
- Preparation/Determination
- Action
- Maintenance
What is the Pre-Contemplation stage in the stages of change model?
The person does not see the behavior as a problem/does not see a need for change/has no intention to change.
What is the Contemplation stage in the stages of change model?
The person has some awareness of the need/desire to change behavior and is actively weighing the pros and cons of the behavior.
What is the Preparation/Determination stage in the stages of change model?
The person believes that the behavior can be changed and that he/she can manage the change and is taking steps to get ready to make the change.
What is the Action stage in the stages of change model?
The person has begun to make the behavior change and has developed plans to maintain the change.
What is the Maintenance stage in the stages of change model?
The person has maintained the new behavior consistently for over 6 months and has made the new behavior habitual.
Sometimes, relapse can happen during behavior change. What does this look like?
person has a “slip”- reverts back to a previous pattern of behavior. The person may become discouraged but should recognize that most people making a behavior change have some degree of reoccurrence
What are 3 types of individual behavior change strategies?
Education-based programs - focus on helping people develop the knowledge, attitudes, and skills they need to change their behavior
School and community bonding activities - address the risk factor of low attachment to school and community. Specific interventions can include mentoring and alternative activities
Communication and Public Education - uses the media because of the significant role it plays in shaping how people think and behave
Quantitative Data
Indicates how often a behavior/event occurs or to what degree it exists.
● It can provide the answers to “How many?” and “How often?”
● It is typically described in “numbers.”
● It can be used to draw general conclusions about a population, such as the level of youth alcohol use in a community.
Qualitative Data
explains why people behave or feel the way they do
● It can help provide the answer to “Why/Why not?” or “What does it mean?”
● It is usually described in “words.”
● It can be used to examine an issue or population in more depth to understand underlying issues, such as the way in which community norms contribute to the level of youth alcohol use.
Mixed Method approach
collects both quantitative and qualitative data to provide a more in-depth understanding of the behavioral health problems being assessed.
