Study Guide Flashcards
What is pure tone?
- A single periodic frequency vibrating in simple harmonic motion/creates a sine wave.
- A vibration that repeats itself a constant number of cycles per second.
- It is a natural
What is periodic?
The pattern of vibration repeating itself
What is aperiodic?
No repeatable patterns of vibration in the soundwave.
What is elasticity?
The restoring force that causes an elastic medium to bounce back when stretched or displaced.
What is inertia?
The tendency for motion or lack of motion to continue.
What is a period?
What is it measured in?
The time it takes for a cycle to be completed.
It is measured in milliseconds (ms)
What is velocity?
The speed of an opject
What is acceleration?
The rate of change in velocity.
What is damping?
Decreased amplitude. Displacement over time.
What is frequency?
What is it measured in?
The number of completed cycles per second.
It is measured in hertz (Hz)
What is force?
Something that sets something into motion.
Describe simple harmonic motion using the swing analogy.
- the swing starts at the resting point
- you push the swing (force)
- Because the swing is being stretched away from the resting point elasticity is increased
- The swing will reach maximum displacement which is zero velocity (the swing will stop momentarily) and it beings to return and pass it’s resting spot.
- acceleration is at its’ maximum and inertia increases while elasticity decreases.
- as the swings passes the resting place the inertia decreases and elasticity increases as it is being pulled away from the resting place.
- This pattern repeats itself and will eventually stop which is called damping.
What is a longitudinal waveform?
Particles that move is the same direction as the wave moves. The direction of the disturbance. i.e. if I am facing someone and speak, the air molecules will move towards the person in front of me as opposed to someone standing to the right of me (transverse)
What is compression?
Air molecules close together in a soundwave.
What is rarefaction?
Air molecules far apart in a soundwave
How many flaps of a bird’s wings is one cycle?
one
What is the equation for period?
P= 1/frequency * 1000
measured in milliseconds (ms)
What is the equation for wavelength?
^= c/f
c= velocity (meters 344, feet 1130, cm 34,400) f= frequency
How many meters travel per second?
344 meters per second
How many feet travel per second?
1130 feet per second
How do you convert seconds into ms?
multiply it by 1000
Where is the human sound source?
the buzzing sound that is generated from the vibration of our vocal folds.
What is on the X axis and Y axis of a waveform?
Time on the X axis
Amplitude on the Y axis
What is on the X axis and Y axis of a spectral plot?
Frequency on the X axis
Amplitude on the Y axis
What is on the X axis and Y axis of a spectrogram?
Time on the X axis
Frequency on the Y axis
What is the difference between a pure tone and a complex periodic tone?
A pure tone is a single periodic frequency
A complex tone is multiple periodic frequencies
What is the difference between a complex periodic vs. a complex aperiodic wave/tone.
A complex periodic wave/tone is multiple frequencies with a repeatable pattern. The harmonics have a mathematical relationship to each other.
A Complex aperiodic wave/tone is multiple frequencies with NO repeatable pattern. There are no harmonics and there is no mathematical relationship to any of the peaks that might be found.
Which direction is the X axis and the Y axis?
X is horizontal
Y is vertical
What is a EMG? And what does it do?
Electromyogram
- It records the electrical activity of the muscles. When muscles are active, they produce an electric current which is proportional to muscle activity.
What is a manometer? And what does it do?
Pressure measuring instrument used to measure airflow pressure from the mouth.
What is a Spirometer and what does it do?
- measures lung volume
- measures of vital capacity the maximum amount of air that can be expelled after a maximum inhalation.
Which measurement measures are perceptual?
Perceptual measures are:
- Articulation/phonology testing
- Intelligibility testing
Acoustic Measures are: TF-32 Multiple speech software Visipitch/speech view Sona speech program
what is the source-filter theory?
1) The source function is the glottal source with its many harmonics
2) The transfer function filters the above source according to the frequency response of the vocal tract. Frequency response of neutral voice tract
3) filtered output - the sound that emerges from the lips has the same harmonics as the sound at the glottis, but the amplitudes of the harmonics have been modified, altering the quality of the sound.
What is resonance?
The sound from the source is filtered by the resonant properties of the vocal tract (cavities) changing sound from a buzz to distinct, recognizable sound.
What is the concept of the “filter” and how it can be thought of as the vocal tract.
The filter in the human model is the oral cavity, pharyngeal cavity and nasal cavity.
How is the filter related to resonance?
They work simultaneously. Without the cavities (filters) the noise from our vocal folds will sound the same.
what is the filter responsible for during the speech production process?
Resonance because it is responsible for the vibratory pattern that is related to the peak of resonants.
Articulation because it changes the cavity shapes
What is the concept of output and how it can be thought of as “speech” in the human example.
Although the source & filter work independently, working together will produce the output based on how we shape our vocal tract. The LRF, 2ndRF and 3rdRF are the peaks of amplitude we produced for that sound.
What is the equation for the LRF in the example of the open-closed tube container?
F= c/4L
*do a problem on scratch paper
Identify and describe and label the spectral plots of the glottal source, the neutral vocal tract and the filtered output (on a scratch piece of paper). Identify the fo and harmonics vs. the formants/resonant harmonics.
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What are the definitions of and properties of the LRF
- LRF is the 1st harmonic of the series
- AKA the first formant which is responsive to the mouth opening and the width of the pharynx (left side of vowel quad) and the elevation of the tongue.
- It is the first peak of resonance in a complex periodic tone.
What is the relationship between the LRF and the resonant harmonics?
They are multiples of each other. They are mathematically related.
On a scratch piece of paper, draw out the spectral plots of the glottal source, the neutral vocal tract and the filtered output.
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what is the difference between the source and the filter?
The source works independently at the vocal folds and produces a buzzing sound. It is what it is because of the vocal folds we have.
The filter also works independently and is the potential freq for the any sound, taking into consideration the amounts of air we have in our pharyngeal and oral cavities.
What is the difference between the fundamental frequency and its harmonics vs. resonant harmonics/resonant freq/formants?
the fundamental frequency is the lowest frequency of the source, it’s the 1st harmonic of the source.
The LRF is the lowest harmonic of the filter.
Therefore the subsequent harmonics are multiples of the source frequency and the subsequent resonant harmonics are multiples of the filter.
describe the resonator or filter in detail in the spirit of the bottle lab
- When there was more air in the bottle (adult male), there was more air for the sound to travel through and the pitch was lower.
- As there was less air in the bottle (child), there was less air for the sound to travel through and the pitch increased.
Source-filter theory
Draw the 3 picture series that represents the source filter theory. Be sure to label the axes and give each picture a title.
Label: Spectral plot fundamental frequency of the source First harmonic of the source fourth harmonic of the source lowest resonant frequency third resonant harmonic
Explain how the three pictures you drew explain the production of the individual, unique vowel sound “uhhhh” and explain why the lowest resonant freq, second resonant freq, and third resonant freq are so important
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What is the source/filter theory?
1) glottal source
2) freq response of neutral voice tract
3) filtered output
What are the articulatory features of vowels?
- The mouth opening or closing
- The pharynx whether it is wide or narrow
- The tongue whether it is high mid or low, pulled towards the front, central or back
- The front cavity whether it is short or long
What are the acoustic features of vowels?
The first and second frequency formants (hz)
What are the acoustic features of vowels?
The first and second formants change as a result of the articulatory features.
Identify the formants of the vowels on a spectral plot and a spectrogram
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Draw and describe the vowel quad. With 1-2-3 process (1= articulator change, 2= cavity change, 3= formant change)
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What are the clinical benefits of the vowel quad?
It allows patients to visualize where the tongue and openness of the mouth is.
What is amplitude?
The absolute value of max displacement from a zero value during one period
What is hertz?
Unit of frequency
Definitions of and properties of the fundamental freq and harmonics and their relationships to one another and how they appear on a spectral plot
Fundamental freq is the lowest frequency in a harmonic.
The fo and subsequent harmonics have a mathematical relationship based on the fo. They are multiples of the fo.
They appear as the lines in between the peaks in a spectral plot
What are acoustic measures?
Acoustic Measures are: TF-32 Multiple speech software Visipitch/speech view Sona speech program
