Lecture 9/24 (speech production vowels PPT) Flashcards
What are the differences between spectral plot and spectrogram?
Spectrogram- Time becomes a component of the display.
If you get the peak resonance as they change over time.
Spectral plot- The output spectrum is an instantaneous representation of the resonant characteristics of the vowel.
Which 2 speech production system is responsible for individual unique vowel creations?
Resonance because it is responsible for the vibratory pattern that is related to the peak of resonants.
Articulation because it changes the cavity shapes
How do you change vowel sounds?
Articulators
What is measured on the X axis in a spectrogram?
Time
What is measured on the Y axis in a spectrogram?
Frequency
In a spectrogram how can you tell if it’s a vowel or not?
It will typically have 3 bands
What did the dark bands on the spectrogram represent?
Formants
What does the first dark band in a spectrogram represent?
Lowest resonant frequency
How is amplitude measured it on the spectrogram?
The dark bands
How many formants do we care about in a spectrogram?
2
What cavities change when we move our lip, tongue, and jaw (articulators)?
Our oral cavity and pharyngeal cavity
How do articulators change?
We move our lips, tongue, and jaw.
What questions must be asked in a vowel quad shift based on articulatory change?
1) How did the articulators change?
- lip, tongue, jaw
2) . What was the resulting difference in the cavities?
- wider, higher, open, closed, lower, etc
3) What were the frequencies that change because of the cavity changes?
- 1st & 2nd formants
Harmonic is all about…?
The source
What is the first formant responsive to?
- Pharyngeal cavity
- width of Pharynx
- Degree of mouth opening at the lips ( And tongue height)
Will small opening sounds have a relatively low frequency first formants or relatively high frequency first formants?
Relatively low frequency first formants
Will open mouth sounds have relatively low frequency first formants or relatively high frequency first formants?
Relatively high frequency first formants
What is the second formant responsive to?
- Changes in the front of the oral cavity
Any tongue or jaw activity that narrows the region in the oral cavity where the pressure is relatively high causes an increase in the frequency of the second formant.
Draw the vowel quadrant
.
Regarding the vowel quad, where are the correlations among the frequencies?
1) The first two formants
2) The dimensions of the oral and pharyngeal cavities
3) The description of tongue, jaw and lip position in vowel articulation
What allows the peaks (higher & lower freq changes) in the spectral plot to be what they are?
The vibration that runs through the sounds (via changes in articulators, cavity changes (more or less air) & oral cavity is related to one of the frequencies and the pharyngeal is related to the other) and certain frequencies are enhanced.
What is the lip rounding rule?
The frequencies of all formants are the lower by lip rounding because lip rounding makes the cavities longer
For the production of /i/where are the articulatory features?
- Tongue is high
- Lips/jaw are closed
- Oral cavity is constricted
- Pharyngeal cavity is open
For the production of /ae/ where are the articulatory features?
- tongue is slightly forward
- lips and jaw open
- oral cavity is shortened
- pharynx is narrow
For the production of /u/where are the articulatory features?
- tongue is high
- lips/jaw closed
- oral cavity is lengthened
- pharynx is open
For the production of /a/ where are the articulatory features?
- tongue is low
- lips/ jaw are open
- oral cavity is open
- pharyngeal cavity is narrow
Which vowels have a very distinct distance between formant 1 to formant 2?
Hi front vowels
/i/, /I/, /e/, /3/, /ae/
Which vowels have a very close distance between formant 1 to formant 2?
Low front vowels
/a/, /a/, /c/, /o/, /U/, /u/
Why will formant frequencies for specific sounds vary?
Resonance characteristics of each vowel tract differ from every other vowel tract
- Overall size differs
- Relative size of parts of the tract differ
- a particular sound may be articulated differently by different speakers – dialects or even by the same speaker when context changes
What is a diphthong?
- a gradual change in articulation; complex dynamic sound quality
- a combination of two Pure vowels- A Vowel of changing resonance
What are the most important diphthongs?
See print out
What are the acoustic features of diphthongs
Formant transitions as you move from one vowel to another
What are formant transitions?
- Change at the beginning or end of a formant
- Can go up or down from the formant
- Depends on starting point of consonant
- Depends on height of F1 and F2 of vowel
- F1 transition relates to manner
- Constriction of the mouth
- F2 and F3 transition relates to place
- Changes in oral cavity
