Lecture 9/24 (speech production vowels PPT)

Question 1

What are the differences between spectral plot and spectrogram?

Answer 1

Spectrogram- Time becomes a component of the display.
If you get the peak resonance as they change over time.

Spectral plot- The output spectrum is an instantaneous representation of the resonant characteristics of the vowel.

Question 2

Which 2 speech production system is responsible for individual unique vowel creations?

Answer 2

Resonance because it is responsible for the vibratory pattern that is related to the peak of resonants.

Articulation because it changes the cavity shapes

Question 3

How do you change vowel sounds?

Answer 3

Articulators

Question 4

What is measured on the X axis in a spectrogram?

Answer 4

Time

Question 5

What is measured on the Y axis in a spectrogram?

Answer 5

Frequency

Question 6

In a spectrogram how can you tell if it’s a vowel or not?

Answer 6

It will typically have 3 bands

Question 7

What did the dark bands on the spectrogram represent?

Answer 7

Formants

Question 8

What does the first dark band in a spectrogram represent?

Answer 8

Lowest resonant frequency

Question 9

How is amplitude measured it on the spectrogram?

Answer 9

The dark bands

Question 10

How many formants do we care about in a spectrogram?

Answer 10

2

Question 11

What cavities change when we move our lip, tongue, and jaw (articulators)?

Answer 11

Our oral cavity and pharyngeal cavity

Question 12

How do articulators change?

Answer 12

We move our lips, tongue, and jaw.

Question 13

What questions must be asked in a vowel quad shift based on articulatory change?

Answer 13

1) How did the articulators change?
- lip, tongue, jaw

2) . What was the resulting difference in the cavities?
- wider, higher, open, closed, lower, etc

3) What were the frequencies that change because of the cavity changes?
- 1st & 2nd formants

Question 14

Harmonic is all about…?

Answer 14

The source

Question 15

What is the first formant responsive to?

Answer 15

• Pharyngeal cavity
• width of Pharynx
• Degree of mouth opening at the lips ( And tongue height)

Question 16

Will small opening sounds have a relatively low frequency first formants or relatively high frequency first formants?

Answer 16

Relatively low frequency first formants

Question 17

Will open mouth sounds have relatively low frequency first formants or relatively high frequency first formants?

Answer 17

Relatively high frequency first formants

Question 18

What is the second formant responsive to?

Answer 18

• Changes in the front of the oral cavity

Any tongue or jaw activity that narrows the region in the oral cavity where the pressure is relatively high causes an increase in the frequency of the second formant.

Question 19

Draw the vowel quadrant

Answer 19

.

Question 20

Regarding the vowel quad, where are the correlations among the frequencies?

Answer 20

1) The first two formants
2) The dimensions of the oral and pharyngeal cavities
3) The description of tongue, jaw and lip position in vowel articulation

Question 21

What allows the peaks (higher & lower freq changes) in the spectral plot to be what they are?

Answer 21

The vibration that runs through the sounds (via changes in articulators, cavity changes (more or less air) & oral cavity is related to one of the frequencies and the pharyngeal is related to the other) and certain frequencies are enhanced.

Question 22

What is the lip rounding rule?

Answer 22

The frequencies of all formants are the lower by lip rounding because lip rounding makes the cavities longer

Question 22

For the production of /i/where are the articulatory features?

Answer 22

• Tongue is high
• Lips/jaw are closed
• Oral cavity is constricted
• Pharyngeal cavity is open

Question 23

For the production of /ae/ where are the articulatory features?

Answer 23

• tongue is slightly forward
• lips and jaw open
• oral cavity is shortened
• pharynx is narrow

Question 24

For the production of /u/where are the articulatory features?

Answer 24

• tongue is high
• lips/jaw closed
• oral cavity is lengthened
• pharynx is open

Question 24

For the production of /a/ where are the articulatory features?

Answer 24

• tongue is low
• lips/ jaw are open
• oral cavity is open
• pharyngeal cavity is narrow

Question 25

Which vowels have a very distinct distance between formant 1 to formant 2?

Answer 25

Hi front vowels

/i/, /I/, /e/, /3/, /ae/

Question 25

Which vowels have a very close distance between formant 1 to formant 2?

Answer 25

Low front vowels

/a/, /a/, /c/, /o/, /U/, /u/

Question 26

Why will formant frequencies for specific sounds vary?

Answer 26

Resonance characteristics of each vowel tract differ from every other vowel tract

• Overall size differs
• Relative size of parts of the tract differ
• a particular sound may be articulated differently by different speakers – dialects or even by the same speaker when context changes

Question 26

What is a diphthong?

Answer 26

• a gradual change in articulation; complex dynamic sound quality
• a combination of two Pure vowels- A Vowel of changing resonance

Question 27

What are the most important diphthongs?

Answer 27

See print out

Question 27

What are the acoustic features of diphthongs

Answer 27

Formant transitions as you move from one vowel to another

Question 27

What are formant transitions?

Answer 27

• Change at the beginning or end of a formant
• Can go up or down from the formant
  
  • Depends on starting point of consonant
  • Depends on height of F1 and F2 of vowel
• F1 transition relates to manner
  
  • Constriction of the mouth
• F2 and F3 transition relates to place
  - Changes in oral cavity