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Fall '12- Phonetics exam #1 > Quiz #3 > Flashcards

Quiz #3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is articulation/phonology testing?

A

Accuracy of phoneme production

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2
Q

What is intelligibility testing?

A

Obtain percentage of identifiable words in a sample

-Observed

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3
Q

What are perceptual measures?

A
  • Articulation/phonology testing

- Intelligibility testing

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4
Q

What is the Fourier analysis?

A
  • It creates a spectral plot – measures amplitude & frequency
  • The frequency and amplitude of the simpler waves that make up waveforms are thus delineated
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5
Q

What are physiological measurements?

A
  • Muscle movements
  • Respiratory system
  • Laryngeal function
  • Articulatory analysis
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6
Q

Effective speech must initially have a good…?

A

Breath support because you won’t be able to vibrate the vocal folds

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7
Q

What is another term for natural resonant frequency?

A

Resident harmonics

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8
Q

Is resonant harmonic the source or the filter?

A

The filter

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9
Q

Is harmonics referring to the source or the filter?

A

The source

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10
Q

Resonance changes the sound of the original vibration

A

.

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11
Q

Do resonators and initiate the sound energy?

A

No. A resonator is something that is set into forced vibration by another vibration

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12
Q

The harmonics are what they are because…?

A

Of our own vocal folds. If we choose to change pitch it will change but our habitual frequency will remain the same

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13
Q

The resident harmonics are not what they are because…?

A

The position of our mouth. It will change

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14
Q

Where are harmonics originated at?

A

The source

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15
Q

What are acoustic resonators?

A
  • The air filled boxes above the glottis serve to resonate certain frequencies and make the output distinctive
  • Properties of shape adds to the uniqueness of sound
  • Vocal tract, oral and pharyngeal cavities change
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16
Q

True or false the source and filter are independent, but work together

A

True

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17
Q

What sound is neutral/middle position?

A

The sound of a. As in “all”

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18
Q

What are the peak resonant frequencies of a neutral vocal tract?

A

500, 1500, 2500

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19
Q

What factors change the frequencies of sound?

A
  • Vocal tract
  • Speaker characteristics
  • Age
  • Gender
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20
Q

If the fundamental frequency is higher will we have less or more harmonics?

A

Left and farther apart because when you start with a higher fundamental frequency then you will have higher frequency

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21
Q

What is the filter in humans?

A

Oral and pharyngeal cavities

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22
Q

What is a neutral position?

A

Middle position. As in “all”

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23
Q

What resonance can’t we change?

A

Pharyngeal and oral cavities

24
Q

Where is the harmonic series produced?

A

At the source/vocal folds

25
Q

Why is the fundamental frequency higher in a child?

A

Vocal folds are shorter, lighter, thinner and they vibrate faster

26
Q

In order for resonance to work what needs to happen?

A
  • After an initial vibration occurs at the source (vocal folds) the air molecules must be acted upon (moving in place)
  • And molecules are constrained (Boundary behaviors)
  • Boundary behaviors are the cavities
27
Q

What is the equation for the lowest resonant frequency?

A

F = C/ 4L

28
Q

What are the other names for resonant frequency?

A
  • Resonant harmonic

- Formants

29
Q

Are the source and filter independent or dependent?

A

Independent

30
Q

Does changing fundamental frequency change the formants?

A

No because even if the pitch changes it is perceived as the same sound

31
Q

What is linear predictive coding (TF-32)?

A

Analyzes the complex constantly changing speech signal into a few values called parameters which change relatively slowly. Predictions can be made about sounds that might come next

32
Q

What is acoustic resonators?

A

A body that contains air will resonate in response to sound containing frequencies that matched the natural resonant frequency of that body of air

33
Q

What is that LRF?

A

Enhanced amplitudes

34
Q

What is vital info in the spectral plot of the filter?

A
  • Resonant frequencies

- lowest resonant frequency

35
Q

What is vital info in the spectral plot of the source?

A

Harmonic series and fundamental frequency

36
Q

What is an example of the source?

A

The glottis – it creates a complex wave made up of the fundamental frequency and whole number multiple harmonic of that fundamental frequency

37
Q

What is a palatometer?

A
  • Correlates acoustics with Tong contact as the tongue moves to different points on the palate and teeth to produce speech sounds
  • Produces both a waveform and a spectrogram
  • Overkill for initial therapy
  • e.g. Patient with /r/ issues seeing it on the screen
38
Q

How can an x-ray help with articulatory analysis?

A

It helps explain the process of speech production and any Abnormalities

39
Q

How is articulatory analysis measured?

A
  • X-ray

- Palatometer

40
Q

What is pneumotachograph?

A

Measures airflow – specifically, it records the rate of airflow to and from the lungs

41
Q

How do we measure the respitory system?

A
  • manometer
  • Spirometer
  • pneumotachograph
42
Q

What is a manometer?

A

Pressure measuring instrument used to measure airflow pressure from the mouth

43
Q

What is a Spirometer?

A
  • Measures lung volume

- Measures of vital capacity/the maximum amount of air that can be expelled after a maximum inhalation

44
Q

What is a laryngeal Electromyography?

A
  • It involves small electrodes placed in the muscles that move the vocal folds
    • Area of lesion can be pinpointed
    • Helps explain vocal fold paralysis and other vocal cord disorders such as spasmodic & dysphonia
45
Q

What is videostroboscopy?

A
  • Records and observes the motion of the vocal folds and records their vibration
  • The vocal folds up here in slow motion or stop motion and abnormality can be seen
46
Q

What are some ways we use computerized acoustic analysis?

A
  • Multi speech software
  • Time frequency – 32 (TF-32)
  • Multidimensional voice analysis
  • Sona speech program
47
Q

How do we measure muscle movement?

A
  • EMG electromyogram

- Laryngeal electromyogram

48
Q

What is EMG?

A

Electromyogram
- Records the electrical activity of the muscles. When muscles are active, they produce an electric current which is proportional to muscle activity

49
Q

How is laryngeal function measured?

A

Videostroboscopy

50
Q

What is visipitch?

A

Computerized acoustic analysis

 - Real-time pitch and amplitude frequency time plot
 - Dark lines show the fundamental frequency. Lighter lines show the amplitude
51
Q

What is multidimensional voice analysis?

A

Computerized acoustic analysis

 - Acoustic measures for diagnostics of voice disorders
      - Green = normal
      - Olive = clients of voice quality
52
Q

What is a Sona speech program?

A

Computerized acoustic analysis

 - Captures and analyzes and plays speech samples
 - Pitch and amplitude of clients speech
 - Real time spectrogram
 - Motor speech profile
 - MDVP
53
Q

What is the source/filter theory?

A

1) Glottal source
2) Frequency response of neutral voice tract
3) Filtered output

It explains how all the systems come together to form speech sound

54
Q

Discuss how the source and the filter are independent but come together and work together

A

1) . Glottal pulses- it is what it is because I have the vocal folds that I have
2) Source of the filter – it is what it is because I’m holding my vocal tract in a certain position and my boundaries are what they are
3) Output – they all work together to produce a certain sound

55
Q

What is output?

A

The sound that emerges from the lips has the same harmonics at the sound epiglottis, but the amps of the harmonics have been modified, altering the quality of sound

56
Q

What is the glottal source?

A

Vibration of vocal folds at the level of the glottis

Fall '12- Phonetics exam #1 (5 decks)

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