Quiz #3 Flashcards
What is articulation/phonology testing?
Accuracy of phoneme production
What is intelligibility testing?
Obtain percentage of identifiable words in a sample
-Observed
What are perceptual measures?
- Articulation/phonology testing
- Intelligibility testing
What is the Fourier analysis?
- It creates a spectral plot – measures amplitude & frequency
- The frequency and amplitude of the simpler waves that make up waveforms are thus delineated
What are physiological measurements?
- Muscle movements
- Respiratory system
- Laryngeal function
- Articulatory analysis
Effective speech must initially have a good…?
Breath support because you won’t be able to vibrate the vocal folds
What is another term for natural resonant frequency?
Resident harmonics
Is resonant harmonic the source or the filter?
The filter
Is harmonics referring to the source or the filter?
The source
Resonance changes the sound of the original vibration
.
Do resonators and initiate the sound energy?
No. A resonator is something that is set into forced vibration by another vibration
The harmonics are what they are because…?
Of our own vocal folds. If we choose to change pitch it will change but our habitual frequency will remain the same
The resident harmonics are not what they are because…?
The position of our mouth. It will change
Where are harmonics originated at?
The source
What are acoustic resonators?
- The air filled boxes above the glottis serve to resonate certain frequencies and make the output distinctive
- Properties of shape adds to the uniqueness of sound
- Vocal tract, oral and pharyngeal cavities change
True or false the source and filter are independent, but work together
True
What sound is neutral/middle position?
The sound of a. As in “all”
What are the peak resonant frequencies of a neutral vocal tract?
500, 1500, 2500
What factors change the frequencies of sound?
- Vocal tract
- Speaker characteristics
- Age
- Gender
If the fundamental frequency is higher will we have less or more harmonics?
Left and farther apart because when you start with a higher fundamental frequency then you will have higher frequency
What is the filter in humans?
Oral and pharyngeal cavities
What is a neutral position?
Middle position. As in “all”
What resonance can’t we change?
Pharyngeal and oral cavities
Where is the harmonic series produced?
At the source/vocal folds
Why is the fundamental frequency higher in a child?
Vocal folds are shorter, lighter, thinner and they vibrate faster
In order for resonance to work what needs to happen?
- After an initial vibration occurs at the source (vocal folds) the air molecules must be acted upon (moving in place)
- And molecules are constrained (Boundary behaviors)
- Boundary behaviors are the cavities
What is the equation for the lowest resonant frequency?
F = C/ 4L
What are the other names for resonant frequency?
- Resonant harmonic
- Formants
Are the source and filter independent or dependent?
Independent
Does changing fundamental frequency change the formants?
No because even if the pitch changes it is perceived as the same sound
What is linear predictive coding (TF-32)?
Analyzes the complex constantly changing speech signal into a few values called parameters which change relatively slowly. Predictions can be made about sounds that might come next
What is acoustic resonators?
A body that contains air will resonate in response to sound containing frequencies that matched the natural resonant frequency of that body of air
What is that LRF?
Enhanced amplitudes
What is vital info in the spectral plot of the filter?
- Resonant frequencies
- lowest resonant frequency
What is vital info in the spectral plot of the source?
Harmonic series and fundamental frequency
What is an example of the source?
The glottis – it creates a complex wave made up of the fundamental frequency and whole number multiple harmonic of that fundamental frequency
What is a palatometer?
- Correlates acoustics with Tong contact as the tongue moves to different points on the palate and teeth to produce speech sounds
- Produces both a waveform and a spectrogram
- Overkill for initial therapy
- e.g. Patient with /r/ issues seeing it on the screen
How can an x-ray help with articulatory analysis?
It helps explain the process of speech production and any Abnormalities
How is articulatory analysis measured?
- X-ray
- Palatometer
What is pneumotachograph?
Measures airflow – specifically, it records the rate of airflow to and from the lungs
How do we measure the respitory system?
- manometer
- Spirometer
- pneumotachograph
What is a manometer?
Pressure measuring instrument used to measure airflow pressure from the mouth
What is a Spirometer?
- Measures lung volume
- Measures of vital capacity/the maximum amount of air that can be expelled after a maximum inhalation
What is a laryngeal Electromyography?
- It involves small electrodes placed in the muscles that move the vocal folds
- Area of lesion can be pinpointed
- Helps explain vocal fold paralysis and other vocal cord disorders such as spasmodic & dysphonia
What is videostroboscopy?
- Records and observes the motion of the vocal folds and records their vibration
- The vocal folds up here in slow motion or stop motion and abnormality can be seen
What are some ways we use computerized acoustic analysis?
- Multi speech software
- Time frequency – 32 (TF-32)
- Multidimensional voice analysis
- Sona speech program
How do we measure muscle movement?
- EMG electromyogram
- Laryngeal electromyogram
What is EMG?
Electromyogram
- Records the electrical activity of the muscles. When muscles are active, they produce an electric current which is proportional to muscle activity
How is laryngeal function measured?
Videostroboscopy
What is visipitch?
Computerized acoustic analysis
- Real-time pitch and amplitude frequency time plot - Dark lines show the fundamental frequency. Lighter lines show the amplitude
What is multidimensional voice analysis?
Computerized acoustic analysis
- Acoustic measures for diagnostics of voice disorders
- Green = normal
- Olive = clients of voice quality
What is a Sona speech program?
Computerized acoustic analysis
- Captures and analyzes and plays speech samples - Pitch and amplitude of clients speech - Real time spectrogram - Motor speech profile - MDVP
What is the source/filter theory?
1) Glottal source
2) Frequency response of neutral voice tract
3) Filtered output
It explains how all the systems come together to form speech sound
Discuss how the source and the filter are independent but come together and work together
1) . Glottal pulses- it is what it is because I have the vocal folds that I have
2) Source of the filter – it is what it is because I’m holding my vocal tract in a certain position and my boundaries are what they are
3) Output – they all work together to produce a certain sound
What is output?
The sound that emerges from the lips has the same harmonics at the sound epiglottis, but the amps of the harmonics have been modified, altering the quality of sound
What is the glottal source?
Vibration of vocal folds at the level of the glottis
