Study

Question 1

sp hybridization

bond angle
orbitals after hybridization

Answer 1

180° bond angle
1 s orbital and 3 p orbitals –> 2 sp orbitals and 2 p orbitals

Question 2

sp2 hybridization

bond angle
orbitals after hybridization

Answer 2

120° bond angle
1 s orbital and 3 p orbitals –> 3 sp2 orbitals and 1 p orbital

Question 3

sp3 hybridization

bond angle
orbitals after hybridization

Answer 3

109.5° bond angle
1 s orbital and 3 p orbitals –> 4 sp3 orbitals

Question 4

Lone pair next to pi bond

Answer 4

Creates resonance, so the hybridization is one lower than expected

The hybridization is lower on the atom which the lone pair is connected to (see Q3a on practice midterm 1)

Question 5

Abbreviation for factors affecting basicity

Answer 5

CHESIR
C - charge
H - hybridization
E - electronegativity
S - size
I - induction
R - resonance

Question 6

Charge

in CHESIR

Answer 6

Greater net negative charge equals stronger base

Question 7

Hybridization

in CHESIR

Answer 7

The higher energy hybrid is the stronger base

sp < sp2 < sp3

Question 8

Electronegativity

in CHESIR

Answer 8

The more electronegative, the weaker the base

Use when molecules have the same structure. Less important than size

Compare elements on the same row from left to right, left being less basic and right being more basic. For elements on the same column, basicity increases from bottom up

Question 9

Size

in CHESIR

Answer 9

Larger atoms are more stable and therefore a weaker base

Use when molecules have the same structure. More important than electronegativity

Question 10

Induction

in CHESIR

Answer 10

Electronegative atoms pull electrons in molecules, resulting in weaker base

Does not have strong effects relative to the other factors in CHESIR. The closer an electronegative atom is, the stronger the induction and weaker the base

Question 11

Resonance

in CHESIR

Answer 11

Results in a weaker base

Question 12

How to determine major species in solution

Answer 12

When pH = pKa, 1:1 balance between protonated/deprotonated

When pH < pKa, the more acidic form will be favored. When pH > pKa, the more basic form will be favored

Question 13

How to estimate pKa of a molecule

Answer 13

Look for similar atoms, charge, and resonance

Question 14

Acidity on periodic table

Answer 14

Acidity increases from left to right and from top to the bottom

Also basicity increases from bottom up (because size increases top down, so the smaller molecules are more unstable and therefore more basic)

When looking at how basic/acidic an element would be