Studies Flashcards
What did Durkheim (1897) believe were the 2 key functions of any society?
Integration (degree to which collective sentiments are shared by members of society) and Regulation (degree of external constraints on each other, e.g. norms)
What did Durkheim (1897) outline as the 4 types of suicide?
Altruistic (high integration)
Fatalistic (high regulation)
Egoistic (low integration)
Anomic (low regulation)
What did Maguire say in 2002?
There has been a dramatic increase in the number of statistics collected on crime and ‘antisocial behaviour’ since the 1970’s
What did Garland say in 2001?
In late modernity there are great elements of risk and uncertainty, and it is no longer believed that the government catch and punish all criminals. The government choose to engage in ‘risk management’ instead - gathering crime stats to assess the situation then manage the risk. ‘responsibilization’ risk management which pushes responsibility for avoiding becoming victims of crime back onto individuals.
What did Durkheim say in 1895, and what were the three main elements of the ‘collective conscience’?
That a certain amount of crime was integral to any society. ‘collective conscience’, boundaries that distinguish what is acceptable and what is not.
Reaffirming Boundaries - when someone breaks the law and is taken to court. This publicly reaffirms existing values.
Changing Values - sometimes people gain sympathy when they are incarcerated. this can create a public outcry. Can lead to a change in law.
Social Cohesion - entire communities sometimes bind together in outrage if a particularly abhorrent crime has been committed. Sense of community is strengthened.
What did Durkheim (1895) say were the positive aspects of crime for society?
Reaffirming boundaries, Changing societal values and attitudes, social cohesion
Who argued that the correlation between crime and certain family characteristics is a reflection of a much wider change in society?
Dennis and Erdos (1993)
How did Scraton (2002) criticise Dennis’s argument?
accused him of mixing up a moral argument reflecting is own views, with a sociological one supported by evidence
What did Murray (1990) say about the underclass?
that there had been a massive increase in the size of this social class over the past 30 years
What was Etzioni’s (1993) theory of communitarianism?
only local communities, by their own efforts and local relationships, can solve social problems.
Who criticised right realism by arguing that it concentrates only on working class crime and ignores law enforcements and justice?
Platt and Tagaki (1977)
What did Young (1986) say about the role of criminology?
that it’s purpose was to provide credible solutions to limit the harm of crime in the community, although some sociologists on the left criticised this.
Who defined relative deprivation as a left-realist theory of crime?
Runciman (1966)
Who looked at subcultures as a theory of crime in left-realism?
Lea and Young (1984)
