Ethnicity and crime studies

Question 1

What did Bowling and Phillips (2002) argue about crime victims?

Answer 1

they are influenced by ‘culturally determined expectations’ and often racist stereotypes as to who commits crime

Question 2

Who found that when a criminal offender is not known, the arrest rate for Afro-Caribbeans is four times higher than whites?

Answer 2

Bowling (1999)

Question 3

What did Mayhew et al (1993) state regarding males in minority ethnic groups?

Answer 3

that most crime is committed by young males and this age group is over represented in minority ethnic groups, leading to the disparity in crime

Question 4

What did Phillips and Brown (1998) discover regarding arrests?

Answer 4

that across ten police stations in the country, those of Afro-Caribbean origin accounted for a disproportionately high number of arrests, although the conviction rate and treatment during the process showed little difference.

Question 5

Who argued that the police reflect wider society and therefore some racist recruits may join?

Answer 5

Lord Scarman (1981)

Question 6

What did Reiner (1992) identify as key components of the police canteen culture?

Answer 6

A thirst for action, cynicism, conservatism, suspicion, isolation from the public, macho values and racism

Question 7

What did Smith and Gray (1985) Holdaway (1983) and Graef (1989) discover regarding police attitudes?

Answer 7

that there were stereotypical views amongst officers regarding youths of African Caribbean origin

Question 8

Who argued that ethnic minority youths commit more crime due to marginalization and the establishment of anti social subcultures?

Answer 8

Lea and Young (1993)

Question 9

What did Hall et al. (1978) claim regarding muggings in the late 1970’s?

Answer 9

that it was used to scapegoat young Afro-Caribbeans from the crisis of capitalism that was happening at the time

Question 10

What did Scraton (1987) and Gordon (1988) claim regarding cultures of resistance?

Answer 10

that societal racism towards ethnic minorities left them in a poor socioeconomic position, resulting in the development of anticolonial cultures of resistance.

Question 11

Who developed the concept of ‘alternative economies’ existing illegally in a poor area of new york?

Answer 11

Bourgois (2002)

Question 12

What did Fitzgerald et al. (2003) conclude regarding demographics linked to crime?

Answer 12

that there are statistical socioeconomic and demographic links between ethnic minorities in crime, e.g. criminals are more likely to come from single parent households, which are more prominent amongst ethnic minorities