Students As Learners - Theorists Flashcards
Zone of Proximal Development
Who is the theorist?
What is it?
Theorist - Vygotsky
It is the discrepancy between a child’s mental age (indicated by what they can do on their own without help) and the level he reaches in solving problems with assistance.
Hierarchy of Needs
Who is the theorist?
What is it?
Theorist - Maslow
It is the outline of the needs each person needs and desires through life. The five sections, and what’s included in each, are:
Physiological Needs - food, air, water, sleep, etc.
Safety Needs - shelter, security, order, law, etc.
Belonging Needs - friendship, intimacy, love from family, friends, and other relationships
Esteem Needs - achievement, independence, self-respect, respect from others, etc.
Self-Actualization - realizing personal potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal growth, etc.
Principles of Bruner’s Theories
Discovery and Inquiry Learning
Principle: Learning is an active process in which learners construct new ideas or concepts based upon their current/past knowledge
Discovery and Inquiry Learning -
Instruction must be:
- concerned with the experiences and contexts that interest students to want to learn it
- structured so that is can be easily grasped by the student
- designed to facilitate extrapolation and/or fill in the gaps (going beyond the information given)
John Dewey’s Thoughts on Education
Education must engage with and enlarge experience of students.
Cooperative Learning:
- Concern with interaction and environments for learning
- Passion for democracy, for educating so that all may share in a common life
Multiple Intelligences
Who is the theorist?
What are they?
Theorist - Gardner
Divided into 8 categories of intelligence:
Linguistic intelligence - use words in learning
Logical - mathematical intelligence
Spatial intelligence - use pictures in learning
Bodily-Kinesthetic intelligence - use movement or physical experience
Musical intelligence - use music
Interpersonal intelligence - “people smart”, use of self-reflection
Intrapersonal intelligence - “self smart”, use a social experience
Naturalist intelligence - use an experience in the natural world
Stages of Cognitive Development
Who is the theorist?
What are they?
Theorist - Piaget
Four main stages:
SENSORIMOTOR STAGE - (birth to about 2 years) - uses senses and motor abilities to understand the world
PREOPERATIONAL STAGE - (2 to about 7 years old) - symbols, creative play, egocentric, center on one aspect of any problem or communication at a time
CONCRETE OPERATIONS STAGE - (about 7 to about 11) - operations refers to logical operations or principles we use when solving problems, progressing decentering, classification and seriation (putting things in order)
FORMAL OPERATIONS STAGE - (Age 12+) - hypothetical thinking (logical operations, and using them in the abstract, rather than the concrete)
Bloom’s Taxonomy
Different levels of cognitive processes, listed from simplest to the most complex:
Knowledge Comprehension Application Analysis Synthesis Evaluation
Social Development Learning
Who is the theorist?
What is it?
Theorist - Vygotsky
Argues that social interaction precedes development. Consciousness and cognition are the end product of socialization and social behavior.
Stages of Psychological Development
Who is the theorist?
What are they?
Theorist - Erikson
Every person must pass through a series of eight interrelated stages over an entire life cycle:
- Infant (Hope) - Basic Trust vs. Mistrust
- Toddler (Will) - Autonomy vs. Shame
- Preschooler (Purpose) - Initiative vs. Guilt
- School-Age Child (Competence) - Industry vs. Inferiority
- Adolescent (Fidelity) - Identity vs. Identity Diffusion
- Young Adult (Love) - Intimacy vs. Isolation
- Middle-Aged Adult (Care) - Generativity vs. Self-absorption
- Older Adult (Wisdom) - Integrity vs. Despair
Behaviorism
Who is the theorist?
What is it?
Theorist - Watson
It is centered around reward and punishment, and the effects of positive and negative reinforcements.
Law of Effect
Who is the theorist?
What is it?
Theorist - Thorndike
Says that “when a connection between a stimulus and a response is positively rewarded it will be strengthened, and that the more the stimulus-response bond is practiced, the stronger it becomes.”
By teaching new information in small steps and providing quick and timely assessments for students, the teacher is using the “Law of Effect” to increase student success and understanding.
