Student Motivation and Behavior Flashcards
Intrinsic Motivation
An internal source of motivation such as curiosity or the desire to learn; motivation associated with activities that are their own reward.
Extrinsic Motivation
Motivation created by external events or rewards outside the learning situation itself.
Learned Helplessness
A sense that one is doomed to fail, based on past experiences. This sense can stifle motivation and prevent people from attempting new tasks.
Self-Efficacy
An individuals belief about or perception of personal competence in a given situation.
Operant Conditioning
A type of learning in which voluntary behaviors are strengthened or weakened depending upon their consequences or antecedents.
Reinforcement
Using consequences to strengthen behavior; a reinforcer is ANY consequence that strengthens a behavior - negative or positive.
Positive Reinforcement
The strengthening of a behavior by the presentation of a desired stimulus or reward after the behavior. Some examples are food, physical contact, and social praise.
Negative Reinforcement
The strengthening of a behavior by the removal of an aversive stimulus. For example, a child is allowed to come out of the corner when he or she is quiet.
Prevention
Anticipating potential problems and creating procedures to help prevent these situations.
Extinction
The gradual disappearance or a learned response.
In operant conditioning, this occurs when reinforcement is withheld.
In classical conditioning, extinction will result when the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without any longer being paired with the unconditioned stimulus.
Continuous Reinforcement
A schedule in which every correct response is reinforced.
Punishment
Anything that weakens or suppresses behavior.
Shaping Successive Approximations
A behavior management method for developing an appropriate behavior in which the teacher rewards responses that are successively more similar to the ultimate desired response (successive approximations). This should be done through breaking down the complex behavior into a number of small steps.
Intermittent Reinforcement
A schedule in which correct responses are reinforced frequently, but not every time. This schedule is most effective in maintaining already acquired responses.
