Student Questions Flashcards
What is the primary role of Vaughn Hilderbrand factor in primary homeostasis?
A. It converts fibroin into fibrin to stabilize the clot.
B. It carries factor VI and facilitates activation of the intrinsic pathway.
C. It binds platelets together at site of epithelial injury to form platelet plug.
D. It directs activation, factor X to initiate the common pathway.
It binds platelets together at the site of the epithelial injury to form a platelet plug
Which of the following is not a factor that affects disease severity of VWD?
A. What type or sub type of VWD they have
B. Whether they inherit one or two copies of the BWD allele.
C. Age.
D. Having a sibling with VWD.
Having a sibling with VWD
If one parent has two copies of the allele for autosomal dominant type one VWD and the other has no copies what is the chance their child will have type one VWD
A 25%
B 50%
C 100%
D 0%
100%
Which of the following best describes the primary pathological mechanism of acute pyelonephritis
A. Auto immune regulated destruction of the renal parenchyma
B. Retrograde ascent of bacteria from the lower urinary track causing renal inflammation
C. Direct viral invasion of renal tubes leading to necrosis.
D. Deposit of uric acid crystals in renal. Calyces lead to obstruction and infection.
Retrograde ascent of bacteria from the lower urinary track, causing renal inflammation
Which of the following is the primary reason why emphysematous pyelonephritis (EPN) historically has had a high mortality rate of 40 to 90%
A. Lack of early diagnosis, inappropriate treatment.
B. Renal scarring from repeated infection infections.
C. Pregnancy related complications like preterm birth
D. Increased immune response leading to tissue damage
Lack of early diagnosis and appropriate treatment
Which group has the highest prevalence of acute pyelonephritis in the United States?
Sexually active women
Select the primary pathological process involved in rhabdomyolysis
Breakdown a skeletal muscle fibers releasing interest, cellular contents into circulation, such as myoglobulin, potassium, phosphate, and creatine kinase
What is a classic clinical manifestation of rhabdomyolysis?
Muscle pain, dark, urine, and weakness
Who is at the highest risk for developing rhabdomyolysis
20-year-old training over six months to run, marathon and drinks daily protein shakes
32-year-old male who drinks 2 cups of coffee per day and has two beers a night
45 year-old male firefighter, working to stop LA wildfires and takes statin
60-year-old female with right distal radius fracture from fall and takes lisinopril
45-year-old male firefighter working to stop LA wildfires and taking a statin.
The firefighter has multiple risks, including intense, physical exertion, heat, exposure, dehydration, prolonged muscle use, heat, stress, statin use
How are scabies most commonly transmitted?
Prolong skin to skin contact with an infected person
Which symptom is most characteristic of scabies?
Intense itching, especially at night
Why does scabies itch often persist even after treatment?
The immune system continues to react to the mite debris and antigens
Which hormone imbalance in PCOS is associated with increased deposit of adipose tissue
High androgen levels
Which of the following are common clinical manifestations of PCOS
Infertility, weight gain, anovulation, and hirsutism
PCOS is most commonly associated with which metabolic condition
Insulin resistance
PCOS is a leading cause of infertility excess androgen, increased LH levels, and decreased FSH, contributing to this by causing what?
Anovulation
A patient with hyponatremia is being evaluated for SIADH. Which of the following findings is considered most consistent with this diagnosis?
Increased urine osmolality (>100 mOsm/kg)
The patient was admitted to the hospital with viral pneumonia. The nurse noted the patient also has hyponatremia. What clinical manifestation would indicate SIADH is the cause of low serum sodium?
Confusion and low urine output
Which of the following is not a potential cause of SIADH?
Diabetes insipidus
What are potential causes of SIADH?
Infections, vasopressin secreting tumors, pneumonia
Which of the following lifestyle changes would most effectively reduce the risk of developing osteoporosis?
Quitting smoking, performing weight-bearing exercise exercises, and consuming calcium rich foods
Which statement best describes how the process of bone remodeling is altered in individuals with osteoporosis
Bone resorption, outpaces bone formation, leading to weak bones
Osteoclast activity (resorption) exceeds osteoblast (formation) activity
Why is osteoporosis more prevalent in women than men?
Hormonal changes during menopause, significantly decreased bone density
Estrogen plays a critical role in maintaining bone health by inhibiting Osteoclast activity
Which of the following is most at risk for developing pernicious anemia?
75-year-old with Graves’ disease
Hypoparathyroidism, age, greater than 60, Graves’ disease
Which of the following is an accurate description of why pernicious anemia develops?
Failure to absorb vitamin B12 due to a deficiency and intrinsic factors
B12 is not primarily absorbed through the skin and is not a target of intestinal macrophages
A patient newly diagnosed with pernicious anemia, asks you how the numbness and tingling in their hands and feet is related to the disease. Which of the following is the best answer
Vitamin B 12 is necessity for your nerves to function properly because your body hasn’t been able to get the B12. It needs the nerves in your hand and feet were damaged
Deranged methylation of myelin can lead to demyelination of the dorsal and lateral horn of the spinal cord and pernicious anemia, which is manifested by notable symmetrical paresthesia of the hands and feet
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is an autoimmune disorder that affects the thyroid gland. Which endocrine process is primarily involved in this condition.
The immune system attacks, a thyroid lead to inflammation and reduced thyroid production
Hashimoto’s is characterized by an auto immune response in which the CD 8+ cytotoxic T cells and auto antibodies attack, thyroid follicular cells leading to chronic inflammation and glandular destruction
The thyroid gland releases two main hormones. Once released into the bloodstream, which of these hormones is more active, causing notable symptoms through the activation of the sympathetic nervous system.
Triiodothyronine T3 is the more active thyroid hormone, activating the sympathetic nervous system, affecting heart rate, blood pressure, and metabolism.
Once in the tissues, T4 converts to the more active hormone T3, which plays a vital role in the activation of the sympathetic nervous system
Which of the following is a hallmark histological feature observed in the thyroid gland of patient with Hashimoto’s?
Hurthle cell transformation and lymphocytic infiltration
Hashimoto’s is associated with the transformation of follicular cells into Hurthle cells. These are enlarged cells with an eosinophilic cytoplasm.
What kind of genetic variation results in sickle cell disease
Point mutation and missense mutation
Which statement about how sickle cell anemia is passed to offspring is correct
The condition is an autosomal recessive disease
Sickle cell disease comprises a group of inherited blood disorders primarily affecting which type of cells?
Erythrocytes
Red blood cells
