Endocrine Flashcards
What are the specific characteristics for peptide hormones?
Peptide hormones are generally water-soluble, have a quick onset of action, and act on cell surface receptors.
What are the specific characteristics for steroid hormones?
Steroid hormones are lipid-soluble, have a slower onset of action, and act on intracellular receptors.
What is the first step in the Gs coupled protein receptor pathway for peptide hormones?
The receptor is located on the outside of the cell membrane and is coupled with a Cs protein located on the inside of the cell membrane.
What happens to the Gs protein when a peptide hormone binds to its receptor?
The Gs protein is activated to the ‘on’ state by releasing GDP and binding to GTP.
What does the Cs protein activate in the Gs coupled protein receptor pathway?
The Cs protein activates the effector enzyme adenylate cyclase on the cell membrane.
What is the role of GTPase in the adenylate cyclase process?
GTPase cuts the GTP to release a phosphate, returning the Gs protein to the ‘off’ state.
What is produced from the energy released during the GTP to GDP conversion?
The energy is used to convert cellular ATP to cAMP.
What enzyme does cAMP activate?
cAMP activates the enzyme protein kinase A (PKA).
What stimulates the release of the hormone ADH?
ADH release is stimulated by increased plasma osmolality and decreased blood volume.
What specific proteins are produced with the release of ADH?
ADH leads to the production of aquaporins in the kidney.
What is the distinguishing characteristic of prolactin inhibiting hormone (PIH)/dopamine?
PIH/dopamine inhibits the release of prolactin from the anterior pituitary.
What role does ADH play in diabetes insipidus?
ADH deficiency leads to excessive urination and thirst in diabetes insipidus.
What are the different effects of growth hormone within the body?
Growth hormone promotes growth, regulates metabolism, and influences body composition.
What are the steps in thyroid hormone production?
Thyroid hormone production involves iodine uptake, thyroglobulin synthesis, and conversion to T3 and T4.
What is the transport mechanism of thyroid hormone outside the cell?
Thyroid hormones are transported in the bloodstream bound to proteins.
What are the effects of thyroid hormone on the body?
Thyroid hormone increases metabolic rate, influences growth and development, and affects cardiovascular function.
What are the causes of primary hyperthyroidism?
Primary hyperthyroidism is caused by conditions like Graves’ disease and toxic adenomas.
What are the causes of secondary hyperthyroidism?
Secondary hyperthyroidism is caused by excess TSH production from the pituitary gland.
What are the effects of the hormone aldosterone?
Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the kidneys.
What are the direct effects of cortisol within the body?
Cortisol increases blood glucose levels, suppresses the immune response, and aids in metabolism.
What are the indirect effects of cortisol within the body?
Cortisol affects other hormones and can influence behaviors such as stress response.
What are the classic findings of diabetes?
Classic findings of diabetes include polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia.
What are the pathophysiology reasons for the classic findings of diabetes?
The classic findings are due to hyperglycemia leading to osmotic diuresis, dehydration, and metabolic imbalances.
