Final Flashcards
What part of the GI tract is responsible for nutrient absorption?
The small intestine, primarily the duodenum and jejunum.
What hormone stimulates gastric acid secretion and promotes mucosal growth?
Gastrin.
Which gastric hormone stimulates bile and pancreatic enzyme release?
Cholecystokinin (CCK).
What is the function of parietal cells in the stomach?
Secrete HCI (gastric acid) and intrinsic factor (for vitamin B12 absorption).
What is the most common cause of GERD?
Lower esophageal sphincter dysfunction.
What is the difference between ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease?
Ulcerative colitis affects the colon and rectum with continuous inflammation, while Crohn’s disease affects any part of the GI tract with patchy, transmural inflammation.
What is the function of the liver in relation to bilirubin production?
The liver converts bilirubin into bile for excretion.
What is the primary function of the gallbladder?
To store and concentrate bile for fat digestion.
What are common symptoms of gallstones?
RUQ pain, nausea, vomiting, and postprandial discomfort.
What are the distinguishing characteristics of Hepatitis A, B, C, and D?
• Hepatitis A: Fecal-oral transmission, acute, self-limiting.
• Hepatitis B: Bloodborne, can become chronic, associated with liver cancer.
• Hepatitis C: Bloodborne, often chronic, leading cause of liver transplant.
• Hepatitis D: Requires Hepatitis B co-infection to replicate.
What system regulates osteoclast activity and bone resorption?
RANKL-OPG system.
Which hormone stimulates bone growth via IGF-1?
Growth hormone.
What is the difference between trabecular and cortical bone?
Trabecular is spongy and metabolically active; cortical is dense and structural.
What role does calcium play in muscle function?
It is essential for excitation-contraction coupling.
What is the function of vitamin D in bone health?
It promotes calcium and phosphate absorption in the intestines to support bone mineralization.
What are the key neurotransmitters necessary for skeletal muscle function?
Acetylcholine (ACh) at the neuromuscular junction.
What is the difference between tendons and ligaments?
Tendons “tie” muscle to bone, while ligaments “link” bone to bone.
What is osteoporosis, and how does it differ from rickets/osteomalacia?
Osteoporosis is decreased bone mass leading to fragility fractures
rickets/osteomalacia is defective bone mineralization due to vitamin D deficiency, soft bones
What are the two types of hormones based on solubility?
Peptide hormones (water-soluble) and steroid hormones (lipid-soluble).
What pathway does a peptide hormone activate?
Gs coupled protein receptor pathway.
What hormone regulates water retention in kidneys?
ADH (antidiuretic hormone).
What is the primary cause of primary hyperthyroidism?
Grave’s disease.
What are the effects of cortisol on the body?
Increases blood glucose, suppresses immune response, and promotes protein catabolism.
What are the three classic symptoms of diabetes?
Polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia.
What is the primary function of aldosterone?
Regulates sodium retention and potassium excretion to control blood pressure.
What is the role of prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)/dopamine?
It suppresses prolactin secretion to regulate lactation.
What are the direct and indirect effects of growth hormone?
Directly promotes lipolysis and glucose metabolism; indirectly stimulates growth via IGF-1.
What are the three components of the epidemiological triangle?
Agent, host, environment.
What are the stages of infection?
Incubation, prodromal, illness, decline, convalescence.
What is an example of an opportunistic fungal infection?
Candida albicans (oral thrush, vaginal candidiasis).
What pathogen causes tuberculosis?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
What is the mechanism behind esophageal varices?
Portal hypertension leads to dilated esophageal veins, which can rupture and cause life-threatening bleeding.
What is the primary mode of transmission for Hepatitis A?
Fecal-oral route.
How is Hepatitis B primarily transmitted?
Bloodborne transmission (e.g., IV drug use, sexual contact, perinatal transmission).
What are common virulence factors of Staphylococcus aureus?
Protein A, coagulase, and hemolysins.
What are the risk factors for E. coli infection?
Poor hygiene, contaminated food/water, and immunosuppression.
What are the three classic symptoms of diabetes?
Polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia.
What is the primary function of aldosterone?
Regulates sodium retention and potassium excretion to control blood pressure.
What is the role of prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)/dopamine?
It suppresses prolactin secretion to regulate lactation.
What are the direct and indirect effects of growth hormone?
Directly promotes lipolysis and glucose metabolism; indirectly stimulates growth via IGF-1.
What are the three components of the epidemiological triangle?
Agent, host, environment.
What are the stages of infection?
Incubation, prodromal, illness, decline, convalescence.
What is an example of an opportunistic fungal infection?
Candida albicans (oral thrush, vaginal candidiasis).
What pathogen causes tuberculosis?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
What is the mechanism behind esophageal varices?
Portal hypertension leads to dilated esophageal veins, which can rupture and cause life-threatening bleeding.
What is the primary mode of transmission for Hepatitis A?
Fecal-oral route.
How is Hepatitis B primarily transmitted?
Bloodborne transmission (e.g., IV drug use, sexual contact, perinatal transmission).
What are common virulence factors of Staphylococcus aureus?
Protein A, coagulase, and hemolysins.
What are the risk factors for E. coli infection?
Poor hygiene, contaminated food/water, and immunosuppression.
How does influenza invade the immune system?
Antigenic shift and drift in hemagglutinin and neuraminidase
